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Documents","\u002Fappendices\u002Fsample-latex-documents","11.appendices\u002F02.sample-latex-documents",{"title":344,"path":345,"stem":346},"Links","\u002Fappendices\u002Flinks","11.appendices\u002F03.links",{"title":348,"path":349,"stem":350},"Authors","\u002Fappendices\u002Fauthors","11.appendices\u002F04.authors",{"id":352,"title":162,"body":353,"description":1068,"extension":1069,"links":1070,"meta":1071,"navigation":951,"path":163,"seo":1072,"stem":164,"__hash__":1073},"docs\u002F06.technical-writing\u002F03.theorems.md",{"type":354,"value":355,"toc":1057},"minimark",[356,368,373,376,393,396,405,408,417,424,446,449,453,456,465,468,488,491,500,513,516,525,531,534,541,550,560,564,571,591,621,624,643,650,686,697,704,713,717,728,737,740,804,809,815,868,875,884,897,906,911,915,922,1003,1006,1031,1035,1039,1053],[357,358,359,360,367],"p",{},"With \"",[361,362,366],"a",{"href":363,"rel":364},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTheorem",[365],"nofollow","theorem","\" we can mean any kind of labelled enunciation that we want to look separated from the rest of the text and with sequential numbers next to it. This approach is commonly used for theorems in mathematics, but can be used for anything. LaTeX provides a command that will let you easily define any theorem-like enunciation.",[369,370,372],"h2",{"id":371},"basic-theorems","Basic theorems",[357,374,375],{},"First of all, make sure you have the amsthm package enabled:",[377,378,383],"pre",{"className":379,"code":380,"language":381,"meta":382,"style":382},"language-latex shiki shiki-themes material-theme-lighter material-theme material-theme-palenight","\\usepackage{amsthm}\n","latex","",[384,385,386],"code",{"__ignoreMap":382},[387,388,391],"span",{"class":389,"line":390},"line",1,[387,392,380],{},[357,394,395],{},"The easiest is the following:",[377,397,399],{"className":379,"code":398,"language":381,"meta":382,"style":382},"\\newtheorem{name}{Printed output}\n",[384,400,401],{"__ignoreMap":382},[387,402,403],{"class":389,"line":390},[387,404,398],{},[357,406,407],{},"put it in the preamble. The first argument is the name you will use to reference it, the second argument is the output LaTeX will print whenever you use it. For example:",[377,409,411],{"className":379,"code":410,"language":381,"meta":382,"style":382},"\\newtheorem{mydef}{Definition}\n",[384,412,413],{"__ignoreMap":382},[387,414,415],{"class":389,"line":390},[387,416,410],{},[357,418,419,420,423],{},"will define the ",[384,421,422],{},"mydef"," environment; if you use it like this:",[377,425,427],{"className":379,"code":426,"language":381,"meta":382,"style":382},"\\begin{mydef}\nHere is a new definition\n\\end{mydef}\n",[384,428,429,434,440],{"__ignoreMap":382},[387,430,431],{"class":389,"line":390},[387,432,433],{},"\\begin{mydef}\n",[387,435,437],{"class":389,"line":436},2,[387,438,439],{},"Here is a new definition\n",[387,441,443],{"class":389,"line":442},3,[387,444,445],{},"\\end{mydef}\n",[357,447,448],{},"It will be typeset with line breaks separating it from the rest of the text.",[369,450,452],{"id":451},"theorem-counters","Theorem counters",[357,454,455],{},"Often the counters are determined by section, for example \"Theorem 2.3\" refers to the 3rd theorem in the 2nd section of a document. In this case, specify the theorem in the preamble as follows:",[377,457,459],{"className":379,"code":458,"language":381,"meta":382,"style":382},"\\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section]\n",[384,460,461],{"__ignoreMap":382},[387,462,463],{"class":389,"line":390},[387,464,458],{},[357,466,467],{},"and use it when needed:",[377,469,471],{"className":379,"code":470,"language":381,"meta":382,"style":382},"\\begin{theorem}\n  If $A$ is positive definite symmetric, \n\\end{theorem}\n",[384,472,473,478,483],{"__ignoreMap":382},[387,474,475],{"class":389,"line":390},[387,476,477],{},"\\begin{theorem}\n",[387,479,480],{"class":389,"line":436},[387,481,482],{},"  If $A$ is positive definite symmetric, \n",[387,484,485],{"class":389,"line":442},[387,486,487],{},"\\end{theorem}\n",[357,489,490],{},"or, with a generic 'name' to output 'Printed output', add 'numberby':",[377,492,494],{"className":379,"code":493,"language":381,"meta":382,"style":382},"\\newtheorem{name}{Printed output}[numberby]\n",[384,495,496],{"__ignoreMap":382},[387,497,498],{"class":389,"line":390},[387,499,493],{},[357,501,502,503,507,508,512],{},"where ",[504,505,506],"em",{},"numberby"," is the name of the ",[361,509,511],{"href":510},"\u002Fdocument-fundamentals\u002Fdocument-structure#sectioning-commands","section level"," (section\u002Fsubsection\u002Fetc.) at which the numbering is to take place.",[357,514,515],{},"By default, each theorem uses its own counter. However it is common for similar types of theorems (e.g. Theorems, Lemmas and Corollaries) to share a counter. In this case, define subsequent theorems as:",[377,517,519],{"className":379,"code":518,"language":381,"meta":382,"style":382},"\\newtheorem{name}[counter]{Printed output}\n",[384,520,521],{"__ignoreMap":382},[387,522,523],{"class":389,"line":390},[387,524,518],{},[357,526,502,527,530],{},[504,528,529],{},"counter"," is the name of the counter to be used. Usually this will be the name of the master theorem.",[357,532,533],{},"The \\newtheorem command may have at most one optional argument.",[357,535,536,537,540],{},"You can also create a theorem environment that is not numbered by using the ",[384,538,539],{},"newtheorem*"," command.  For instance,",[377,542,544],{"className":379,"code":543,"language":381,"meta":382,"style":382},"\\newtheorem*{mydef}{Definition}\n",[384,545,546],{"__ignoreMap":382},[387,547,548],{"class":389,"line":390},[387,549,543],{},[357,551,552,553,555,556,559],{},"defines the ",[384,554,422],{}," environment, which will generate definitions without numbering. This requires ",[384,557,558],{},"amsthm"," package.",[369,561,563],{"id":562},"proofs","Proofs",[357,565,566,567,570],{},"The ",[384,568,569],{},"proof"," environment can be used for adding the proof of a theorem. The basic usage is:",[377,572,574],{"className":379,"code":573,"language":381,"meta":382,"style":382},"\\begin{proof}\nHere is my proof\n\\end{proof}\n",[384,575,576,581,586],{"__ignoreMap":382},[387,577,578],{"class":389,"line":390},[387,579,580],{},"\\begin{proof}\n",[387,582,583],{"class":389,"line":436},[387,584,585],{},"Here is my proof\n",[387,587,588],{"class":389,"line":442},[387,589,590],{},"\\end{proof}\n",[357,592,593,594,597,598,603,604,610,611,614,615,617,618,620],{},"It just adds ",[504,595,596],{},"Proof"," in italics at the beginning of the text given as argument and a white square (",[361,599,602],{"href":600,"rel":601},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQ.E.D.",[365],"Q.E.D."," symbol, also known as a ",[361,605,609],{"href":606,"rel":607,"title":608},"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FTombstone",[365],"typography","tombstone",") at the end of it. If you are writing in another language than English, just use ",[361,612,613],{"href":81},"babel"," with the right argument and the word ",[504,616,596],{}," printed in the output will be translated accordingly; anyway, in the source the name of the environment remains ",[384,619,569],{},".",[357,622,623],{},"If you would like to manually name the proof, include the name in square brackets:",[377,625,627],{"className":379,"code":626,"language":381,"meta":382,"style":382},"\\begin{proof}[Proof of important theorem]\nHere is my important proof\n\\end{proof}\n",[384,628,629,634,639],{"__ignoreMap":382},[387,630,631],{"class":389,"line":390},[387,632,633],{},"\\begin{proof}[Proof of important theorem]\n",[387,635,636],{"class":389,"line":436},[387,637,638],{},"Here is my important proof\n",[387,640,641],{"class":389,"line":442},[387,642,590],{},[357,644,645,646,649],{},"If the last line of the proof is displayed math then the Q.E.D. symbol will appear on a subsequent empty line. To put the Q.E.D. symbol at the end of the last line, use the ",[384,647,648],{},"\\qedhere"," command:",[377,651,653],{"className":379,"code":652,"language":381,"meta":382,"style":382},"\\begin{proof}\nHere is my proof:\n\\[\na^2 + b^2 = c^2 \\qedhere\n\\]\n\\end{proof}\n",[384,654,655,659,664,669,675,681],{"__ignoreMap":382},[387,656,657],{"class":389,"line":390},[387,658,580],{},[387,660,661],{"class":389,"line":436},[387,662,663],{},"Here is my proof:\n",[387,665,666],{"class":389,"line":442},[387,667,668],{},"\\[\n",[387,670,672],{"class":389,"line":671},4,[387,673,674],{},"a^2 + b^2 = c^2 \\qedhere\n",[387,676,678],{"class":389,"line":677},5,[387,679,680],{},"\\]\n",[387,682,684],{"class":389,"line":683},6,[387,685,590],{},[357,687,688,689,692,693,696],{},"The method above does not work with the deprecated environment ",[384,690,691],{},"eqnarray*",". Use ",[384,694,695],{},"align*"," instead.",[357,698,699,700,703],{},"To use a custom Q.E.D. symbol, redefine the ",[384,701,702],{},"\\qedsymbol"," command. To hide the Q.E.D. symbol altogether, redefine it to be blank:",[377,705,707],{"className":379,"code":706,"language":381,"meta":382,"style":382},"\\renewcommand{\\qedsymbol}{}\n",[384,708,709],{"__ignoreMap":382},[387,710,711],{"class":389,"line":390},[387,712,706],{},[369,714,716],{"id":715},"theorem-styles","Theorem styles",[357,718,719,720,723,724,727],{},"It adds the possibility to change the output of the environments defined by ",[384,721,722],{},"\\newtheorem"," using the ",[384,725,726],{},"\\theoremstyle"," command in the header:",[377,729,731],{"className":379,"code":730,"language":381,"meta":382,"style":382},"\\theoremstyle{stylename}\n",[384,732,733],{"__ignoreMap":382},[387,734,735],{"class":389,"line":390},[387,736,730],{},[357,738,739],{},"the argument is the style you want to use. All subsequently defined theorems will use this style. Here is a list of the possible pre-defined styles:",[741,742,743,768],"table",{},[744,745,746],"thead",{},[747,748,749,755,758],"tr",{},[750,751,752],"th",{},[384,753,754],{},"plain",[750,756,757],{},"Used for theorems, lemmas, propositions, etc. (default)",[750,759,760,764,765],{},[761,762,763],"strong",{},"Theorem 1."," ",[504,766,767],{},"Theorem text.",[769,770,771,788],"tbody",{},[747,772,773,779,782],{},[774,775,776],"td",{},[384,777,778],{},"definition",[774,780,781],{},"Used for definitions and examples",[774,783,784,787],{},[761,785,786],{},"Definition 2."," Definition text.",[747,789,790,795,798],{},[774,791,792],{},[384,793,794],{},"remark",[774,796,797],{},"Used for remarks and notes",[774,799,800,803],{},[504,801,802],{},"Remark"," 3. Remark text.",[805,806,808],"h3",{"id":807},"custom-styles","Custom styles",[357,810,811,812,649],{},"To define your own style, use the ",[384,813,814],{},"\\newtheoremstyle",[377,816,818],{"className":379,"code":817,"language":381,"meta":382,"style":382},"\\newtheoremstyle{stylename}% name of the style to be used\n  {spaceabove}% measure of space to leave above the theorem. E.g.: 3pt\n  {spacebelow}% measure of space to leave below the theorem. E.g.: 3pt\n  {bodyfont}% name of font to use in the body of the theorem\n  {indent}% measure of space to indent\n  {headfont}% name of head font\n  {headpunctuation}% punctuation between head and body\n  {headspace}% space after theorem head; \" \" = normal interword space\n  {headspec}% Manually specify head\n",[384,819,820,825,830,835,840,845,850,856,862],{"__ignoreMap":382},[387,821,822],{"class":389,"line":390},[387,823,824],{},"\\newtheoremstyle{stylename}% name of the style to be used\n",[387,826,827],{"class":389,"line":436},[387,828,829],{},"  {spaceabove}% measure of space to leave above the theorem. E.g.: 3pt\n",[387,831,832],{"class":389,"line":442},[387,833,834],{},"  {spacebelow}% measure of space to leave below the theorem. E.g.: 3pt\n",[387,836,837],{"class":389,"line":671},[387,838,839],{},"  {bodyfont}% name of font to use in the body of the theorem\n",[387,841,842],{"class":389,"line":677},[387,843,844],{},"  {indent}% measure of space to indent\n",[387,846,847],{"class":389,"line":683},[387,848,849],{},"  {headfont}% name of head font\n",[387,851,853],{"class":389,"line":852},7,[387,854,855],{},"  {headpunctuation}% punctuation between head and body\n",[387,857,859],{"class":389,"line":858},8,[387,860,861],{},"  {headspace}% space after theorem head; \" \" = normal interword space\n",[387,863,865],{"class":389,"line":864},9,[387,866,867],{},"  {headspec}% Manually specify head\n",[357,869,870,871,874],{},"(Any arguments that are left blank will assume their default value).  Here is an example ",[504,872,873],{},"headspec",":",[377,876,878],{"className":379,"code":877,"language":381,"meta":382,"style":382},"\\thmname{#1}\\thmnumber{ #2}:\\thmnote{ #3}\n",[384,879,880],{"__ignoreMap":382},[387,881,882],{"class":389,"line":390},[387,883,877],{},[357,885,886,887,890,893,894,896],{},"which would look something like:",[888,889],"br",{},[761,891,892],{},"Definition 2",": Topology",[888,895],{},"\nfor the following:",[377,898,900],{"className":379,"code":899,"language":381,"meta":382,"style":382},"\\begin{definition}[Topology]...\n",[384,901,902],{"__ignoreMap":382},[387,903,904],{"class":389,"line":390},[387,905,899],{},[357,907,908,909],{},"(The note argument, which in this case is Topology, is always optional, but will not appear by default unless you specify it as above in the head spec).",[888,910],{},[369,912,914],{"id":913},"conflicts","Conflicts",[357,916,917,918,921],{},"The theorem environment conflicts with other environments,  for example ",[504,919,920],{},"wrapfigure",".\nA work around is to redefine theorem, for example the following way:",[377,923,925],{"className":379,"code":924,"language":381,"meta":382,"style":382},"% Fix latex\n\\def\\smallskip{\\vskip\\smallskipamount}\n\\def\\medskip{\\vskip\\medskipamount}\n\\def\\bigskip{\\vskip\\bigskipamount}\n\n% Hand made theorem\n\\newcounter{thm}[section]\n\\renewcommand{\\thethm}{\\thesection.\\arabic{thm} }\n\\def\\claim#1{\\par\\medskip\\noindent\\refstepcounter{thm}\\hbox{\\bf \\arabic{chapter}.\\arabic{section}.\\arabic{thm}. #1.}\n\\it\\ %\\ignorespaces\n}\n\\def\\endclaim{\n\\par\\medskip}\n\\newenvironment{thm}{\\claim}{\\endclaim}\n",[384,926,927,932,937,942,947,953,958,963,968,973,979,985,991,997],{"__ignoreMap":382},[387,928,929],{"class":389,"line":390},[387,930,931],{},"% Fix latex\n",[387,933,934],{"class":389,"line":436},[387,935,936],{},"\\def\\smallskip{\\vskip\\smallskipamount}\n",[387,938,939],{"class":389,"line":442},[387,940,941],{},"\\def\\medskip{\\vskip\\medskipamount}\n",[387,943,944],{"class":389,"line":671},[387,945,946],{},"\\def\\bigskip{\\vskip\\bigskipamount}\n",[387,948,949],{"class":389,"line":677},[387,950,952],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":951},true,"\n",[387,954,955],{"class":389,"line":683},[387,956,957],{},"% Hand made theorem\n",[387,959,960],{"class":389,"line":852},[387,961,962],{},"\\newcounter{thm}[section]\n",[387,964,965],{"class":389,"line":858},[387,966,967],{},"\\renewcommand{\\thethm}{\\thesection.\\arabic{thm} }\n",[387,969,970],{"class":389,"line":864},[387,971,972],{},"\\def\\claim#1{\\par\\medskip\\noindent\\refstepcounter{thm}\\hbox{\\bf \\arabic{chapter}.\\arabic{section}.\\arabic{thm}. #1.}\n",[387,974,976],{"class":389,"line":975},10,[387,977,978],{},"\\it\\ %\\ignorespaces\n",[387,980,982],{"class":389,"line":981},11,[387,983,984],{},"}\n",[387,986,988],{"class":389,"line":987},12,[387,989,990],{},"\\def\\endclaim{\n",[387,992,994],{"class":389,"line":993},13,[387,995,996],{},"\\par\\medskip}\n",[387,998,1000],{"class":389,"line":999},14,[387,1001,1002],{},"\\newenvironment{thm}{\\claim}{\\endclaim}\n",[357,1004,1005],{},"In this case theorem looks like:",[377,1007,1009],{"className":379,"code":1008,"language":381,"meta":382,"style":382},"\\begin{thm}{Claim}\\label{lyt-prob} \nLet it be.\nThen you know.\n\\end{thm}\n",[384,1010,1011,1016,1021,1026],{"__ignoreMap":382},[387,1012,1013],{"class":389,"line":390},[387,1014,1015],{},"\\begin{thm}{Claim}\\label{lyt-prob} \n",[387,1017,1018],{"class":389,"line":436},[387,1019,1020],{},"Let it be.\n",[387,1022,1023],{"class":389,"line":442},[387,1024,1025],{},"Then you know.\n",[387,1027,1028],{"class":389,"line":671},[387,1029,1030],{},"\\end{thm}\n",[369,1032,1034],{"id":1033},"notes","Notes",[369,1036,1038],{"id":1037},"external-links","External links",[1040,1041,1042],"ul",{},[1043,1044,1045],"li",{},[361,1046,1049,1052],{"href":1047,"rel":1048},"http:\u002F\u002Fmirrors.rit.edu\u002FCTAN\u002Fmacros\u002Flatex\u002Frequired\u002Famscls\u002Fdoc\u002Famsthdoc.pdf",[365],[384,1050,1051],{},"amsthm v2.20.3"," documentation",[1054,1055,1056],"style",{},"html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}",{"title":382,"searchDepth":436,"depth":436,"links":1058},[1059,1060,1061,1062,1065,1066,1067],{"id":371,"depth":436,"text":372},{"id":451,"depth":436,"text":452},{"id":562,"depth":436,"text":563},{"id":715,"depth":436,"text":716,"children":1063},[1064],{"id":807,"depth":442,"text":808},{"id":913,"depth":436,"text":914},{"id":1033,"depth":436,"text":1034},{"id":1037,"depth":436,"text":1038},"Defining, numbering, and typesetting custom theorem, lemma, definition, and proof environments in LaTeX.","md",null,{},{"title":162,"description":1068},"CBQ3Qz2LauPcwZs5waGzTIFn-Hkxj52_C1tzasUgcZA",[1075,1077],{"title":158,"path":159,"stem":160,"description":1076,"children":-1},"Advanced equation alignment, formatting, multiline matrices, and complex math layouts in LaTeX.",{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168,"description":1078,"children":-1},"Typesetting pseudocode and structured algorithms in LaTeX using algorithmic, algorithmicx, and 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