[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1980},["ShallowReactive",2],{"navigation_docs":3,"-technical-writing-linguistics":351,"-technical-writing-linguistics-surround":1975},[4,31,45,83,109,147,197,215,253,291,329],{"title":5,"icon":6,"path":7,"stem":8,"children":9,"page":30},"Getting Started","i-lucide-play","\u002Fgetting-started","01.getting-started",[10,14,18,22,26],{"title":11,"path":12,"stem":13},"Introduction","\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fintroduction","01.getting-started\u002F01.introduction",{"title":15,"path":16,"stem":17},"Installation","\u002Fgetting-started\u002Finstallation","01.getting-started\u002F02.installation",{"title":19,"path":20,"stem":21},"Installing Extra Packages","\u002Fgetting-started\u002Finstalling-extra-packages","01.getting-started\u002F03.installing-extra-packages",{"title":23,"path":24,"stem":25},"Basics","\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fbasics","01.getting-started\u002F04.basics",{"title":27,"path":28,"stem":29},"How to Get Help","\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fhow-to-get-help","01.getting-started\u002F05.how-to-get-help",false,{"title":32,"icon":33,"path":34,"stem":35,"children":36,"page":30},"AI Integration","i-lucide-bot","\u002Fai-integration","02.ai-integration",[37,41],{"title":38,"path":39,"stem":40},"Model Context Protocol (MCP)","\u002Fai-integration\u002Fmcp","02.ai-integration\u002F01.mcp",{"title":42,"path":43,"stem":44},"Agent Skills","\u002Fai-integration\u002Fskills","02.ai-integration\u002F02.skills",{"title":46,"icon":47,"path":48,"stem":49,"children":50,"page":30},"Document Fundamentals","i-lucide-file-text","\u002Fdocument-fundamentals","03.document-fundamentals",[51,55,59,63,67,71,75,79],{"title":52,"path":53,"stem":54},"Document Structure","\u002Fdocument-fundamentals\u002Fdocument-structure","03.document-fundamentals\u002F01.document-structure",{"title":56,"path":57,"stem":58},"Text Formatting","\u002Fdocument-fundamentals\u002Ftext-formatting","03.document-fundamentals\u002F02.text-formatting",{"title":60,"path":61,"stem":62},"Paragraph Formatting","\u002Fdocument-fundamentals\u002Fparagraph-formatting","03.document-fundamentals\u002F03.paragraph-formatting",{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66},"Fonts","\u002Fdocument-fundamentals\u002Ffonts","03.document-fundamentals\u002F04.fonts",{"title":68,"path":69,"stem":70},"Colors","\u002Fdocument-fundamentals\u002Fcolors","03.document-fundamentals\u002F05.colors",{"title":72,"path":73,"stem":74},"List Structures","\u002Fdocument-fundamentals\u002Flist-structures","03.document-fundamentals\u002F06.list-structures",{"title":76,"path":77,"stem":78},"Special Characters","\u002Fdocument-fundamentals\u002Fspecial-characters","03.document-fundamentals\u002F07.special-characters",{"title":80,"path":81,"stem":82},"Internationalization","\u002Fdocument-fundamentals\u002Finternationalization","03.document-fundamentals\u002F08.internationalization",{"title":84,"icon":85,"path":86,"stem":87,"children":88,"page":30},"Page Design","i-lucide-layout","\u002Fpage-design","04.page-design",[89,93,97,101,105],{"title":90,"path":91,"stem":92},"Page Layout","\u002Fpage-design\u002Fpage-layout","04.page-design\u002F01.page-layout",{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96},"Page Headers and Footers","\u002Fpage-design\u002Fcustomizing-page-headers-and-footers","04.page-design\u002F02.customizing-page-headers-and-footers",{"title":98,"path":99,"stem":100},"Title Creation","\u002Fpage-design\u002Ftitle-creation","04.page-design\u002F03.title-creation",{"title":102,"path":103,"stem":104},"Footnotes and Margin Notes","\u002Fpage-design\u002Ffootnotes-and-margin-notes","04.page-design\u002F04.footnotes-and-margin-notes",{"title":106,"path":107,"stem":108},"Rotations","\u002Fpage-design\u002Frotations","04.page-design\u002F05.rotations",{"title":110,"icon":111,"path":112,"stem":113,"children":114,"page":30},"Tables and Graphics","i-lucide-table","\u002Ftables-and-graphics","05.tables-and-graphics",[115,119,123,127,131,135,139,143],{"title":116,"path":117,"stem":118},"Tables","\u002Ftables-and-graphics\u002Ftables","05.tables-and-graphics\u002F01.tables",{"title":120,"path":121,"stem":122},"Floats, Figures and Captions","\u002Ftables-and-graphics\u002Ffloats-figures-and-captions","05.tables-and-graphics\u002F02.floats-figures-and-captions",{"title":124,"path":125,"stem":126},"Importing Graphics","\u002Ftables-and-graphics\u002Fimporting-graphics","05.tables-and-graphics\u002F03.importing-graphics",{"title":128,"path":129,"stem":130},"Introducing Procedural Graphics","\u002Ftables-and-graphics\u002Fintroducing-procedural-graphics","05.tables-and-graphics\u002F04.introducing-procedural-graphics",{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134},"PGF\u002FTikZ","\u002Ftables-and-graphics\u002Fpgf-tikz","05.tables-and-graphics\u002F05.pgf-tikz",{"title":136,"path":137,"stem":138},"PSTricks","\u002Ftables-and-graphics\u002Fpstricks","05.tables-and-graphics\u002F06.pstricks",{"title":140,"path":141,"stem":142},"MetaPost","\u002Ftables-and-graphics\u002Fmetapost","05.tables-and-graphics\u002F07.metapost",{"title":144,"path":145,"stem":146},"Picture","\u002Ftables-and-graphics\u002Fpicture","05.tables-and-graphics\u002F08.picture",{"title":148,"icon":149,"path":150,"stem":151,"children":152,"page":30},"Technical Writing","i-lucide-flask-conical","\u002Ftechnical-writing","06.technical-writing",[153,157,161,165,169,173,177,181,185,189,193],{"title":154,"path":155,"stem":156},"Mathematics","\u002Ftechnical-writing\u002Fmathematics","06.technical-writing\u002F01.mathematics",{"title":158,"path":159,"stem":160},"Advanced Mathematics","\u002Ftechnical-writing\u002Fadvanced-mathematics","06.technical-writing\u002F02.advanced-mathematics",{"title":162,"path":163,"stem":164},"Theorems","\u002Ftechnical-writing\u002Ftheorems","06.technical-writing\u002F03.theorems",{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168},"Algorithms","\u002Ftechnical-writing\u002Falgorithms","06.technical-writing\u002F04.algorithms",{"title":170,"path":171,"stem":172},"Source Code Listings","\u002Ftechnical-writing\u002Fsource-code-listings","06.technical-writing\u002F05.source-code-listings",{"title":174,"path":175,"stem":176},"Chemical Graphics","\u002Ftechnical-writing\u002Fchemical-graphics","06.technical-writing\u002F06.chemical-graphics",{"title":178,"path":179,"stem":180},"Linguistics","\u002Ftechnical-writing\u002Flinguistics","06.technical-writing\u002F07.linguistics",{"title":182,"path":183,"stem":184},"Bibliography Management","\u002Ftechnical-writing\u002Fbibliography-management","06.technical-writing\u002F08.bibliography-management",{"title":186,"path":187,"stem":188},"More Bibliographies","\u002Ftechnical-writing\u002Fmore-bibliographies","06.technical-writing\u002F09.more-bibliographies",{"title":190,"path":191,"stem":192},"Indexing","\u002Ftechnical-writing\u002Findices","06.technical-writing\u002F10.indices",{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196},"Glossary","\u002Ftechnical-writing\u002Fglossary","06.technical-writing\u002F11.glossary",{"title":198,"icon":199,"path":200,"stem":201,"children":202,"page":30},"Cross-References and Links","i-lucide-link","\u002Fcross-references","07.cross-references",[203,207,211],{"title":204,"path":205,"stem":206},"Labels and Cross Referencing","\u002Fcross-references\u002Flabels-and-cross-referencing","07.cross-references\u002F01.labels-and-cross-referencing",{"title":208,"path":209,"stem":210},"Hyperlinks","\u002Fcross-references\u002Fhyperlinks","07.cross-references\u002F02.hyperlinks",{"title":212,"path":213,"stem":214},"Initials","\u002Fcross-references\u002Finitials","07.cross-references\u002F03.initials",{"title":216,"icon":217,"path":218,"stem":219,"children":220,"page":30},"Specialized Documents","i-lucide-file-badge","\u002Fspecialized-documents","08.specialized-documents",[221,225,229,233,237,241,245,249],{"title":222,"path":223,"stem":224},"Scientific Reports","\u002Fspecialized-documents\u002Fscientific-reports","08.specialized-documents\u002F01.scientific-reports",{"title":226,"path":227,"stem":228},"Letters","\u002Fspecialized-documents\u002Fletters","08.specialized-documents\u002F02.letters",{"title":230,"path":231,"stem":232},"Presentations","\u002Fspecialized-documents\u002Fpresentations","08.specialized-documents\u002F03.presentations",{"title":234,"path":235,"stem":236},"Teacher's Corner","\u002Fspecialized-documents\u002Fteachers-corner","08.specialized-documents\u002F04.teachers-corner",{"title":238,"path":239,"stem":240},"Curriculum Vitae","\u002Fspecialized-documents\u002Fcurriculum-vitae","08.specialized-documents\u002F05.curriculum-vitae",{"title":242,"path":243,"stem":244},"Academic Journals","\u002Fspecialized-documents\u002Facademic-journals","08.specialized-documents\u002F06.academic-journals",{"title":246,"path":247,"stem":248},"Xy-pic","\u002Fspecialized-documents\u002Fxy-pic","08.specialized-documents\u002F07.xy-pic",{"title":250,"path":251,"stem":252},"Creating 3D Graphics","\u002Fspecialized-documents\u002Fcreating-3d-graphics","08.specialized-documents\u002F08.creating-3d-graphics",{"title":254,"icon":255,"path":256,"stem":257,"children":258,"page":30},"Programming LaTeX","i-lucide-code","\u002Fprogramming","09.programming",[259,263,267,271,275,279,283,287],{"title":260,"path":261,"stem":262},"Macros","\u002Fprogramming\u002Fmacros","09.programming\u002F01.macros",{"title":264,"path":265,"stem":266},"Plain TeX","\u002Fprogramming\u002Fplain-tex","09.programming\u002F02.plain-tex",{"title":268,"path":269,"stem":270},"Creating Packages","\u002Fprogramming\u002Fcreating-packages","09.programming\u002F03.creating-packages",{"title":272,"path":273,"stem":274},"Creating Package Documentation","\u002Fprogramming\u002Fcreating-package-documentation","09.programming\u002F04.creating-package-documentation",{"title":276,"path":277,"stem":278},"Themes","\u002Fprogramming\u002Fthemes","09.programming\u002F05.themes",{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282},"Modular Documents","\u002Fprogramming\u002Fmodular-documents","09.programming\u002F06.modular-documents",{"title":284,"path":285,"stem":286},"Collaborative Writing of LaTeX Documents","\u002Fprogramming\u002Fcollaborative-writing","09.programming\u002F07.collaborative-writing",{"title":288,"path":289,"stem":290},"Export To Other Formats","\u002Fprogramming\u002Fexport-to-other-formats","09.programming\u002F08.export-to-other-formats",{"title":292,"icon":293,"path":294,"stem":295,"children":296,"page":30},"Reference and Help","i-lucide-book-open","\u002Freference","10.reference",[297,301,305,309,313,317,321,325],{"title":298,"path":299,"stem":300},"FAQ","\u002Freference\u002Ffaq","10.reference\u002F01.faq",{"title":302,"path":303,"stem":304},"Tips and Tricks","\u002Freference\u002Ftips-and-tricks","10.reference\u002F02.tips-and-tricks",{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308},"Errors and Warnings","\u002Freference\u002Ferrors-and-warnings","10.reference\u002F03.errors-and-warnings",{"title":310,"path":311,"stem":312},"Lengths","\u002Freference\u002Flengths","10.reference\u002F04.lengths",{"title":314,"path":315,"stem":316},"Counters","\u002Freference\u002Fcounters","10.reference\u002F05.counters",{"title":318,"path":319,"stem":320},"Boxes","\u002Freference\u002Fboxes","10.reference\u002F06.boxes",{"title":322,"path":323,"stem":324},"Rules and Struts","\u002Freference\u002Frules-and-struts","10.reference\u002F07.rules-and-struts",{"title":326,"path":327,"stem":328},"Command Glossary","\u002Freference\u002Fcommand-glossary","10.reference\u002F08.command-glossary",{"title":330,"icon":331,"path":332,"stem":333,"children":334,"page":30},"Appendices","i-lucide-bookmark","\u002Fappendices","11.appendices",[335,339,343,347],{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338},"Package Reference","\u002Fappendices\u002Fpackage-reference","11.appendices\u002F01.package-reference",{"title":340,"path":341,"stem":342},"Sample LaTeX Documents","\u002Fappendices\u002Fsample-latex-documents","11.appendices\u002F02.sample-latex-documents",{"title":344,"path":345,"stem":346},"Links","\u002Fappendices\u002Flinks","11.appendices\u002F03.links",{"title":348,"path":349,"stem":350},"Authors","\u002Fappendices\u002Fauthors","11.appendices\u002F04.authors",{"id":352,"title":178,"body":353,"description":1969,"extension":1970,"links":1971,"meta":1972,"navigation":1119,"path":179,"seo":1973,"stem":180,"__hash__":1974},"docs\u002F06.technical-writing\u002F07.linguistics.md",{"type":354,"value":355,"toc":1944},"minimark",[356,365,368,464,469,472,480,485,501,509,520,542,545,575,582,640,646,669,676,704,713,719,732,741,761,767,807,814,818,821,825,828,834,843,852,870,879,882,891,894,903,906,915,922,924,933,948,954,969,977,985,991,1010,1020,1039,1053,1080,1084,1087,1091,1101,1209,1221,1232,1283,1287,1299,1412,1419,1436,1528,1535,1539,1542,1548,1568,1601,1604,1636,1641,1664,1689,1692,1696,1701,1710,1717,1737,1747,1756,1760,1763,1772,1775,1784,1789,1798,1807,1816,1823,1829,1838,1844,1853,1859,1868,1872,1879,1886,1890,1897,1900,1909,1913,1917,1940],[357,358,359,360,364],"p",{},"There are a number of LaTeX packages available for writing linguistics papers. Various packages have been created for enumerated examples, syntactic trees, OT tableaux, feature matrices, IPA fonts, and many other applications. Some packages such as the ",[361,362,363],"code",{},"tipa"," package are effectively standard within the field, while others will vary by author preference.",[357,366,367],{},"Some recommended packages:",[369,370,371,383,388,394,435,448,456],"ul",{},[372,373,374,375,378,379,382],"li",{},"Glosses: ",[361,376,377],{},"gb4e"," or ",[361,380,381],{},"Covington",";",[372,384,385,386,382],{},"IPA symbols: ",[361,387,363],{},[372,389,390,391,382],{},"OT Tableaux: ",[361,392,393],{},"OTtablx",[372,395,396,397,400,401,404,405],{},"Syntactic trees: ",[361,398,399],{},"qtree"," + ",[361,402,403],{},"tree-dvips"," (for drawing arrows);\n",[369,406,407,416,427],{},[372,408,409,410,413,414,382],{},"Alternatively, ",[361,411,412],{},"xyling"," is very powerful but not as user friendly as ",[361,415,399],{},[372,417,418,419,426],{},"The ",[420,421,425],"a",{"href":422,"rel":423},"http:\u002F\u002Fctan.org\u002Ftex-archive\u002Fmacros\u002Fgeneric\u002Fdiagrams\u002Fxypic\u002Fxy",[424],"nofollow","xy"," package itself has a steep learning curve, but allows a lot of control; for simplest trees use the xymatrix feature and arrows;",[372,428,429,434],{},[420,430,433],{"href":431,"rel":432},"http:\u002F\u002Fctan.org\u002Fpkg\u002Ftikz-qtree",[424],"tikz-qtree"," has the same syntax as qtree, but uses PGF\u002FTikZ, which allows more options for drawing arrows, etc.",[372,436,437,438],{},"Dependency trees and bubble parses:\n",[369,439,440],{},[372,441,418,442,447],{},[420,443,446],{"href":444,"rel":445},"http:\u002F\u002Fsourceforge.net\u002Fprojects\u002Ftikz-dependency\u002F",[424],"TikZ-dependency"," package provides a high-level, convenient interface to draw dependency graphs. It is based on PGF\u002FTikZ but does not require prior knowledge of TikZ in order to be used productively.",[372,449,450,451],{},"Attribute-Value Matrices (AVMs): ",[420,452,455],{"href":453,"rel":454},"http:\u002F\u002Fnlp.stanford.edu\u002F~manning\u002Ftex\u002Favm.sty",[424],"avm",[372,457,458,459],{},"John Frampton's expex: ",[420,460,463],{"href":461,"rel":462},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.math.neu.edu\u002Fling\u002Ftex\u002F",[424],"expex",[465,466,468],"h2",{"id":467},"enumerated-examples","Enumerated examples",[357,470,471],{},"There are several commonly used packages for creating the kinds of numbered examples that are used in linguistics publications.",[473,474,418,476,479],"h3",{"id":475},"the-gb4e-package",[477,478,377],"em",{}," package",[357,481,418,482,484],{},[361,483,377],{}," package, last updated in 2010, is called with:",[486,487,492],"pre",{"className":488,"code":489,"language":490,"meta":491,"style":491},"language-latex shiki shiki-themes material-theme-lighter material-theme material-theme-palenight","\\usepackage{gb4e}\n","latex","",[361,493,494],{"__ignoreMap":491},[495,496,499],"span",{"class":497,"line":498},"line",1,[495,500,489],{},[357,502,503,504,508],{},"IMPORTANT: If you use gb4e package, let it be ",[505,506,507],"strong",{},"the last \\usepackage call"," in the document's preamble. Otherwise you may get exceeded parameter stack size error.",[357,510,511,512,515,516,519],{},"Examples for this package are placed within the ",[361,513,514],{},"exe"," environment, and each example is introduced with the ",[361,517,518],{},"\\ex"," command.",[486,521,523],{"className":488,"code":522,"language":490,"meta":491,"style":491},"\\begin{exe}\n    \\ex This is an example.\n\\end{exe}\n",[361,524,525,530,536],{"__ignoreMap":491},[495,526,527],{"class":497,"line":498},[495,528,529],{},"\\begin{exe}\n",[495,531,533],{"class":497,"line":532},2,[495,534,535],{},"    \\ex This is an example.\n",[495,537,539],{"class":497,"line":538},3,[495,540,541],{},"\\end{exe}\n",[357,543,544],{},"Multiple examples can be included within the environment, and each will have its own number.",[486,546,548],{"className":488,"code":547,"language":490,"meta":491,"style":491},"\\begin{exe}\n    \\ex This is the first example.\n    \\ex This is the second example.\n    \\ex This is the third.\n\\end{exe}\n",[361,549,550,554,559,564,570],{"__ignoreMap":491},[495,551,552],{"class":497,"line":498},[495,553,529],{},[495,555,556],{"class":497,"line":532},[495,557,558],{},"    \\ex This is the first example.\n",[495,560,561],{"class":497,"line":538},[495,562,563],{},"    \\ex This is the second example.\n",[495,565,567],{"class":497,"line":566},4,[495,568,569],{},"    \\ex This is the third.\n",[495,571,573],{"class":497,"line":572},5,[495,574,541],{},[357,576,577,578,581],{},"To create nested lists of examples, the ",[361,579,580],{},"xlist"," environment is used.",[486,583,585],{"className":488,"code":584,"language":490,"meta":491,"style":491},"\\begin{exe}\n    \\ex \\begin{xlist}\n        \\ex This is a sub-example.\n        \\ex This is a second sub-example.\n        \\ex \\begin{xlist}\n            \\ex This is a sub-sub-example.\n            \\ex This is a second sub-sub-example.\n        \\end{xlist}\n    \\end{xlist}\n\\end{exe}\n",[361,586,587,591,596,601,606,611,617,623,629,635],{"__ignoreMap":491},[495,588,589],{"class":497,"line":498},[495,590,529],{},[495,592,593],{"class":497,"line":532},[495,594,595],{},"    \\ex \\begin{xlist}\n",[495,597,598],{"class":497,"line":538},[495,599,600],{},"        \\ex This is a sub-example.\n",[495,602,603],{"class":497,"line":566},[495,604,605],{},"        \\ex This is a second sub-example.\n",[495,607,608],{"class":497,"line":572},[495,609,610],{},"        \\ex \\begin{xlist}\n",[495,612,614],{"class":497,"line":613},6,[495,615,616],{},"            \\ex This is a sub-sub-example.\n",[495,618,620],{"class":497,"line":619},7,[495,621,622],{},"            \\ex This is a second sub-sub-example.\n",[495,624,626],{"class":497,"line":625},8,[495,627,628],{},"        \\end{xlist}\n",[495,630,632],{"class":497,"line":631},9,[495,633,634],{},"    \\end{xlist}\n",[495,636,638],{"class":497,"line":637},10,[495,639,541],{},[357,641,642,643,645],{},"For notating acceptability judgments, the ",[361,644,518],{}," command can take an optional argument. When including a judgment marker, the corresponding sentence must be surrounded by braces.",[486,647,649],{"className":488,"code":648,"language":490,"meta":491,"style":491},"\\begin{exe}\n    \\ex This sentence is grammatical English.\n    \\ex[*] {This sentence English in ungrammatical is.}\n\\end{exe}\n",[361,650,651,655,660,665],{"__ignoreMap":491},[495,652,653],{"class":497,"line":498},[495,654,529],{},[495,656,657],{"class":497,"line":532},[495,658,659],{},"    \\ex This sentence is grammatical English.\n",[495,661,662],{"class":497,"line":538},[495,663,664],{},"    \\ex[*] {This sentence English in ungrammatical is.}\n",[495,666,667],{"class":497,"line":566},[495,668,541],{},[357,670,671,672,675],{},"Referencing examples in text works as it does in normal LaTeX documents. See the ",[420,673,674],{"href":205},"labeling and cross-referencing"," section for more details.",[486,677,679],{"className":488,"code":678,"language":490,"meta":491,"style":491},"\\begin{exe}\n    \\ex\\label{ex1} Godzilla destroyed the city.\n    \\ex\\label{ex2} Godzilla roared.\n\\end{exe}\nSentence (\\ref{ex1}) contains two arguments, but (\\ref{ex2}) contains only one.\n",[361,680,681,685,690,695,699],{"__ignoreMap":491},[495,682,683],{"class":497,"line":498},[495,684,529],{},[495,686,687],{"class":497,"line":532},[495,688,689],{},"    \\ex\\label{ex1} Godzilla destroyed the city.\n",[495,691,692],{"class":497,"line":538},[495,693,694],{},"    \\ex\\label{ex2} Godzilla roared.\n",[495,696,697],{"class":497,"line":566},[495,698,541],{},[495,700,701],{"class":497,"line":572},[495,702,703],{},"Sentence (\\ref{ex1}) contains two arguments, but (\\ref{ex2}) contains only one.\n",[357,705,706,707,712],{},"Further details can be found in the full documentation available ",[420,708,711],{"href":709,"rel":710},"http:\u002F\u002Fctan.mackichan.com\u002Fmacros\u002Flatex\u002Fcontrib\u002Fgb4e\u002Fgb4e-doc.pdf",[424],"here",".",[473,714,418,716,479],{"id":715},"the-ling-macros-package",[477,717,718],{},"ling-macros",[357,720,418,721,723,724,727,728,731],{},[361,722,718],{}," package created by Emma Pease and last updated in 2016, is an alternate method for example numbering. This package uses two main commands, ",[361,725,726],{},"\\enumsentence"," and ",[361,729,730],{},"\\eenumsentence",". The former is used for singleton examples, while the latter command is used for nested examples.",[486,733,735],{"className":488,"code":734,"language":490,"meta":491,"style":491},"\\enumsentence{This is an example.}\n",[361,736,737],{"__ignoreMap":491},[495,738,739],{"class":497,"line":498},[495,740,734],{},[486,742,744],{"className":488,"code":743,"language":490,"meta":491,"style":491},"\\enumsentence{This is the first example.}\n\\enumsentence{This is the second example.}\n\\enumsentence{This is the third.}\n",[361,745,746,751,756],{"__ignoreMap":491},[495,747,748],{"class":497,"line":498},[495,749,750],{},"\\enumsentence{This is the first example.}\n",[495,752,753],{"class":497,"line":532},[495,754,755],{},"\\enumsentence{This is the second example.}\n",[495,757,758],{"class":497,"line":538},[495,759,760],{},"\\enumsentence{This is the third.}\n",[357,762,763,764,712],{},"Multiply nested examples make use of the normal LaTeX ",[420,765,766],{"href":73},"list environments",[486,768,770],{"className":488,"code":769,"language":490,"meta":491,"style":491},"\\eenumsentence{\\item This is a sub-example.\n        \\item This is a second sub-example.\n        \\item \\begin{enumerate}\n            \\item This is sub-sub-example.\n            \\item This is a second sub-sub-example.\n            \\end{enumerate}\n                 }\n",[361,771,772,777,782,787,792,797,802],{"__ignoreMap":491},[495,773,774],{"class":497,"line":498},[495,775,776],{},"\\eenumsentence{\\item This is a sub-example.\n",[495,778,779],{"class":497,"line":532},[495,780,781],{},"        \\item This is a second sub-example.\n",[495,783,784],{"class":497,"line":538},[495,785,786],{},"        \\item \\begin{enumerate}\n",[495,788,789],{"class":497,"line":566},[495,790,791],{},"            \\item This is sub-sub-example.\n",[495,793,794],{"class":497,"line":572},[495,795,796],{},"            \\item This is a second sub-sub-example.\n",[495,798,799],{"class":497,"line":613},[495,800,801],{},"            \\end{enumerate}\n",[495,803,804],{"class":497,"line":619},[495,805,806],{},"                 }\n",[357,808,809,810,712],{},"Full documentation can be found ",[420,811,711],{"href":812,"rel":813},"http:\u002F\u002Fmirrors.ibiblio.org\u002Fpub\u002Fmirrors\u002FCTAN\u002Fmacros\u002Flatex209\u002Fcontrib\u002Ftrees\u002Ftree-dvips\u002Flingmacros-manual.pdf",[424],[465,815,817],{"id":816},"syntactic-trees","Syntactic trees",[357,819,820],{},"Often, linguists will have to illustrate the syntactic structure of a sentence. One device for doing this is through syntactic trees. Unfortunately, trees look very different in different grammar formalisms, and different LaTeX packages are suited for different formalisms.",[473,822,824],{"id":823},"constituent-trees","Constituent trees",[357,826,827],{},"While there are several packages for drawing syntactic trees available for LaTeX, this article focuses on the qtree and xyling packages.",[829,830,418,832,479],"h4",{"id":831},"the-qtree-package",[477,833,399],{},[357,835,836,837,839,840,842],{},"Drawing trees with ",[361,838,399],{}," is relatively straightforward. First, the ",[361,841,399],{}," package, last updated in 2006, has to be included in the document's preamble:",[486,844,846],{"className":488,"code":845,"language":490,"meta":491,"style":491},"\\usepackage{qtree}\n",[361,847,848],{"__ignoreMap":491},[495,849,850],{"class":497,"line":498},[495,851,845],{},[357,853,854,855,858,859,863,864,866,867,712],{},"A new tree is started using the ",[505,856,857],{},"\\Tree"," command, each (sub-)tree is indicated by brackets ",[505,860,861],{},[495,862],{},".\nThe root of a (sub-)tree is always preceded by a ",[505,865,712],{},", leaf nodes are simply expressed by their labels.\nNote that the spaces before the closing brackets are ",[505,868,869],{},"mandatory",[486,871,873],{"className":488,"code":872,"language":490,"meta":491,"style":491},"\\Tree [.S [.NP LaTeX ] [.VP [.V is ] [.NP fun ] ] ]\n",[361,874,875],{"__ignoreMap":491},[495,876,877],{"class":497,"line":498},[495,878,872],{},[357,880,881],{},"By default, qtree centers syntactic trees on the page. This behaviour can be turned off by either specifying the behaviour when loading the package",[486,883,885],{"className":488,"code":884,"language":490,"meta":491,"style":491},"\\usepackage[nocenter]{qtree} % do not center trees\n",[361,886,887],{"__ignoreMap":491},[495,888,889],{"class":497,"line":498},[495,890,884],{},[357,892,893],{},"or via the command",[486,895,897],{"className":488,"code":896,"language":490,"meta":491,"style":491},"\\qtreecenterfalse % do not center trees from here on\n",[361,898,899],{"__ignoreMap":491},[495,900,901],{"class":497,"line":498},[495,902,896],{},[357,904,905],{},"anywhere in the document. The effect of the latter can be undone by using the command",[486,907,909],{"className":488,"code":908,"language":490,"meta":491,"style":491},"\\qtreecentertrue % center trees from here on\n",[361,910,911],{"__ignoreMap":491},[495,912,913],{"class":497,"line":498},[495,914,908],{},[357,916,917,918,921],{},"IMPORTANT: If you use gb4e package, let it be the last ",[361,919,920],{},"\\usepackage"," call in the document's preamble. Otherwise you may get exceeded parameter stack size error.",[829,923,433],{"id":433},[357,925,926,927,929,930,932],{},"Using the same syntax as ",[361,928,399],{},", ",[361,931,433],{},", last updated in 2009, is another easy-to-use alternative for drawing syntactic trees.",[357,934,935,936,938,939,941,942,944,945,947],{},"For simple trees, ",[361,937,433],{}," is completely interchangable with ",[361,940,399],{},". However, some of ",[361,943,399],{},"'s advanced features are implemented in a different way, or not at all. On the other hand, ",[361,946,433],{}," provides other features such as controlling the direction of the tree's growth (top to bottom, left to right etc.) or different styles for edges.",[357,949,950,951,953],{},"To use the ",[361,952,433],{}," package for drawing trees, put the following into the document's preamble:",[486,955,957],{"className":488,"code":956,"language":490,"meta":491,"style":491},"\\usepackage{tikz}\n\\usepackage{tikz-qtree}\n",[361,958,959,964],{"__ignoreMap":491},[495,960,961],{"class":497,"line":498},[495,962,963],{},"\\usepackage{tikz}\n",[495,965,966],{"class":497,"line":532},[495,967,968],{},"\\usepackage{tikz-qtree}\n",[357,970,971,972,974,975,712],{},"The syntax of ",[361,973,433],{}," and result when drawing a simple tree is the same as for ",[361,976,399],{},[486,978,979],{"className":488,"code":872,"language":490,"meta":491,"style":491},[361,980,981],{"__ignoreMap":491},[495,982,983],{"class":497,"line":498},[495,984,872],{},[357,986,987,988,990],{},"Note that, other than for ",[361,989,399],{},", trees are not centered by default. To center them, put them into a centered environment:",[486,992,994],{"className":488,"code":993,"language":490,"meta":491,"style":491},"\\begin{center}\n\\Tree [.S [.NP LaTeX ] [.VP [.V is ] [.NP fun ] ] ]\n\\end{center}\n",[361,995,996,1001,1005],{"__ignoreMap":491},[495,997,998],{"class":497,"line":498},[495,999,1000],{},"\\begin{center}\n",[495,1002,1003],{"class":497,"line":532},[495,1004,872],{},[495,1006,1007],{"class":497,"line":538},[495,1008,1009],{},"\\end{center}\n",[357,1011,1012,1013,1015,1016,1019],{},"For setting the style of trees, ",[361,1014,433],{}," provides the ",[361,1017,1018],{},"\\tikzset"," command.\nFor example, to make a tree grow from left to right instead of from top to bottom, use the following code:",[486,1021,1023],{"className":488,"code":1022,"language":490,"meta":491,"style":491},"\\tikzset{grow'=right} % make trees grow from left to right\n\\tikzset{every tree node\u002F.style={anchor=base west}} % align nodes of the tree to the left (west)\n\\Tree [.S [.NP LaTeX ] [.VP [.V is ] [.NP fun ] ] ]\n",[361,1024,1025,1030,1035],{"__ignoreMap":491},[495,1026,1027],{"class":497,"line":498},[495,1028,1029],{},"\\tikzset{grow'=right} % make trees grow from left to right\n",[495,1031,1032],{"class":497,"line":532},[495,1033,1034],{},"\\tikzset{every tree node\u002F.style={anchor=base west}} % align nodes of the tree to the left (west)\n",[495,1036,1037],{"class":497,"line":538},[495,1038,872],{},[357,1040,1041,1042,1045,1046,1048,1049,1052],{},"The above code changes the default orientation for ",[505,1043,1044],{},"all"," trees that are defined after ",[361,1047,1018],{}," commands. To only change the direction of a single tree, it has to be put into a ",[361,1050,1051],{},"\\tikzpicture"," environment:",[486,1054,1056],{"className":488,"code":1055,"language":490,"meta":491,"style":491},"\\begin{tikzpicture} % all changes only affect trees within this environment\n\\tikzset{grow'=right} % make trees grow from left to right\n\\tikzset{every tree node\u002F.style={anchor=base west}} % align nodes of the tree to the left (west)\n\\Tree [.S [.NP LaTeX ] [.VP [.V is ] [.NP fun ] ] ]\n\\end{tikzpicture}\n",[361,1057,1058,1063,1067,1071,1075],{"__ignoreMap":491},[495,1059,1060],{"class":497,"line":498},[495,1061,1062],{},"\\begin{tikzpicture} % all changes only affect trees within this environment\n",[495,1064,1065],{"class":497,"line":532},[495,1066,1029],{},[495,1068,1069],{"class":497,"line":538},[495,1070,1034],{},[495,1072,1073],{"class":497,"line":566},[495,1074,872],{},[495,1076,1077],{"class":497,"line":572},[495,1078,1079],{},"\\end{tikzpicture}\n",[473,1081,1083],{"id":1082},"dependency-trees","Dependency Trees",[357,1085,1086],{},"Dependency trees can take multiple visual forms. Commonly, they quite resemble phrase structure trees. Alternatively, they can be captured by brackets drawn above running text.",[829,1088,1090],{"id":1089},"two-dimensional-dependency-trees","Two-dimensional Dependency Trees",[357,1092,1093,1094,1097,1098,1100],{},"These can be either achieved using the fairly universal drawing package ",[361,1095,1096],{},"tikz"," or the package ",[361,1099,412],{},", last updated in 2006:",[486,1102,1104],{"className":488,"code":1103,"language":490,"meta":491,"style":491},"% In the preamble:\n\\usepackage{tikz}\n\n% In the document:\n\\begin{tikzpicture}\n    \\node (is-root) {is}\n        [sibling distance=3cm]\n        child { node {this} }\n        child {\n            node {tree}\n                [sibling distance=1.5cm]\n                child { node {an} }\n                child { node {example} }\n                child { node {.} }\n                child[missing]\n        };\n    \\path (is-root) +(0,-2.5\\tikzleveldistance)\n        node {\\textit{This is an example tree.}};\n\\end{tikzpicture}\n",[361,1105,1106,1111,1115,1121,1126,1131,1136,1141,1146,1151,1156,1162,1168,1174,1180,1186,1192,1198,1204],{"__ignoreMap":491},[495,1107,1108],{"class":497,"line":498},[495,1109,1110],{},"% In the preamble:\n",[495,1112,1113],{"class":497,"line":532},[495,1114,963],{},[495,1116,1117],{"class":497,"line":538},[495,1118,1120],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1119},true,"\n",[495,1122,1123],{"class":497,"line":566},[495,1124,1125],{},"% In the document:\n",[495,1127,1128],{"class":497,"line":572},[495,1129,1130],{},"\\begin{tikzpicture}\n",[495,1132,1133],{"class":497,"line":613},[495,1134,1135],{},"    \\node (is-root) {is}\n",[495,1137,1138],{"class":497,"line":619},[495,1139,1140],{},"        [sibling distance=3cm]\n",[495,1142,1143],{"class":497,"line":625},[495,1144,1145],{},"        child { node {this} }\n",[495,1147,1148],{"class":497,"line":631},[495,1149,1150],{},"        child {\n",[495,1152,1153],{"class":497,"line":637},[495,1154,1155],{},"            node {tree}\n",[495,1157,1159],{"class":497,"line":1158},11,[495,1160,1161],{},"                [sibling distance=1.5cm]\n",[495,1163,1165],{"class":497,"line":1164},12,[495,1166,1167],{},"                child { node {an} }\n",[495,1169,1171],{"class":497,"line":1170},13,[495,1172,1173],{},"                child { node {example} }\n",[495,1175,1177],{"class":497,"line":1176},14,[495,1178,1179],{},"                child { node {.} }\n",[495,1181,1183],{"class":497,"line":1182},15,[495,1184,1185],{},"                child[missing]\n",[495,1187,1189],{"class":497,"line":1188},16,[495,1190,1191],{},"        };\n",[495,1193,1195],{"class":497,"line":1194},17,[495,1196,1197],{},"    \\path (is-root) +(0,-2.5\\tikzleveldistance)\n",[495,1199,1201],{"class":497,"line":1200},18,[495,1202,1203],{},"        node {\\textit{This is an example tree.}};\n",[495,1205,1207],{"class":497,"line":1206},19,[495,1208,1079],{},[357,1210,1211,1212,1214,1215,727,1218,712],{},"TikZ has the advantage that it allows for generating PDF directly from the LaTeX source, without need for any detour of compiling to DVI using ",[361,1213,490],{},", and then converting to PDF probably via PS using tools such as ",[361,1216,1217],{},"dvips",[361,1219,1220],{},"ps2pdf",[357,1222,1223,1224,1226,1227,1229,1230,712],{},"An alternative to ",[361,1225,1096],{}," is the package ",[361,1228,412],{},", which is in turn based on the package ",[361,1231,425],{},[486,1233,1235],{"className":488,"code":1234,"language":490,"meta":491,"style":491},"% In the preamble:\n\\usepackage{xyling}\n\n% In the document:\n\\Tree{  & \\K{is}\\B{dl}\\B{drr} \\\\\n        \\K{this} &&& \\K{tree}\\B{dll}\\B{dl}\\B{dr} \\\\\n        & \\K{an} & \\K{example} && \\K{.} }\n\n\\medskip\n\\textit{This is an example tree.}\n",[361,1236,1237,1241,1246,1250,1254,1259,1264,1269,1273,1278],{"__ignoreMap":491},[495,1238,1239],{"class":497,"line":498},[495,1240,1110],{},[495,1242,1243],{"class":497,"line":532},[495,1244,1245],{},"\\usepackage{xyling}\n",[495,1247,1248],{"class":497,"line":538},[495,1249,1120],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1119},[495,1251,1252],{"class":497,"line":566},[495,1253,1125],{},[495,1255,1256],{"class":497,"line":572},[495,1257,1258],{},"\\Tree{  & \\K{is}\\B{dl}\\B{drr} \\\\\n",[495,1260,1261],{"class":497,"line":613},[495,1262,1263],{},"        \\K{this} &&& \\K{tree}\\B{dll}\\B{dl}\\B{dr} \\\\\n",[495,1265,1266],{"class":497,"line":619},[495,1267,1268],{},"        & \\K{an} & \\K{example} && \\K{.} }\n",[495,1270,1271],{"class":497,"line":625},[495,1272,1120],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1119},[495,1274,1275],{"class":497,"line":631},[495,1276,1277],{},"\\medskip\n",[495,1279,1280],{"class":497,"line":637},[495,1281,1282],{},"\\textit{This is an example tree.}\n",[829,1284,1286],{"id":1285},"dependency-trees-as-brackets-above-text","Dependency Trees as Brackets above Text",[357,1288,1289,1290,1293,1294,727,1296,1298],{},"One way to typeset dependency brackets above running text is using the package ",[361,1291,1292],{},"xytree",". It gives you fairly good control of how the brackets are typeset, but requires compiling the LaTeX code to DVI (and perhaps converting to PDF using the tools ",[361,1295,1217],{},[361,1297,1220],{}," later).",[486,1300,1302],{"className":488,"code":1301,"language":490,"meta":491,"style":491},"% In the preamble:\n\\usepackage{xytree}\n\n% In the document:\n\\xytext{\n  \\xybarnode{Peter} &~~~&\n  \\xybarnode{and}\n    \\xybarconnect(UL,U){-2}\"_{\\small conj}\"\n    \\xybarconnect(UR,U){2}\"^{\\small conj}\"\n    &~~~&\n  \\xybarnode{Mary} &~~~&\n  \\xybarnode{bought}\n    \\xybarconnect[8](UL,U){-4}\"_{\\small subj}\"\n    \\xybarconnect[13]{6}\"^{\\small punct}\"\n    \\xybarconnect[8](UR,U){4}\"^{\\small obj}\"\n    &~~~&\n  \\xybarnode{a} &~~~&\n  \\xybarnode{car}\n    \\xybarconnect(UL,U){-2}\"_{\\small det}\"\n    &~~~&\n  \\xybarnode{.}\n}\n",[361,1303,1304,1308,1313,1317,1321,1326,1331,1336,1341,1346,1351,1356,1361,1366,1371,1376,1380,1385,1390,1395,1400,1406],{"__ignoreMap":491},[495,1305,1306],{"class":497,"line":498},[495,1307,1110],{},[495,1309,1310],{"class":497,"line":532},[495,1311,1312],{},"\\usepackage{xytree}\n",[495,1314,1315],{"class":497,"line":538},[495,1316,1120],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1119},[495,1318,1319],{"class":497,"line":566},[495,1320,1125],{},[495,1322,1323],{"class":497,"line":572},[495,1324,1325],{},"\\xytext{\n",[495,1327,1328],{"class":497,"line":613},[495,1329,1330],{},"  \\xybarnode{Peter} &~~~&\n",[495,1332,1333],{"class":497,"line":619},[495,1334,1335],{},"  \\xybarnode{and}\n",[495,1337,1338],{"class":497,"line":625},[495,1339,1340],{},"    \\xybarconnect(UL,U){-2}\"_{\\small conj}\"\n",[495,1342,1343],{"class":497,"line":631},[495,1344,1345],{},"    \\xybarconnect(UR,U){2}\"^{\\small conj}\"\n",[495,1347,1348],{"class":497,"line":637},[495,1349,1350],{},"    &~~~&\n",[495,1352,1353],{"class":497,"line":1158},[495,1354,1355],{},"  \\xybarnode{Mary} &~~~&\n",[495,1357,1358],{"class":497,"line":1164},[495,1359,1360],{},"  \\xybarnode{bought}\n",[495,1362,1363],{"class":497,"line":1170},[495,1364,1365],{},"    \\xybarconnect[8](UL,U){-4}\"_{\\small subj}\"\n",[495,1367,1368],{"class":497,"line":1176},[495,1369,1370],{},"    \\xybarconnect[13]{6}\"^{\\small punct}\"\n",[495,1372,1373],{"class":497,"line":1182},[495,1374,1375],{},"    \\xybarconnect[8](UR,U){4}\"^{\\small obj}\"\n",[495,1377,1378],{"class":497,"line":1188},[495,1379,1350],{},[495,1381,1382],{"class":497,"line":1194},[495,1383,1384],{},"  \\xybarnode{a} &~~~&\n",[495,1386,1387],{"class":497,"line":1200},[495,1388,1389],{},"  \\xybarnode{car}\n",[495,1391,1392],{"class":497,"line":1206},[495,1393,1394],{},"    \\xybarconnect(UL,U){-2}\"_{\\small det}\"\n",[495,1396,1398],{"class":497,"line":1397},20,[495,1399,1350],{},[495,1401,1403],{"class":497,"line":1402},21,[495,1404,1405],{},"  \\xybarnode{.}\n",[495,1407,1409],{"class":497,"line":1408},22,[495,1410,1411],{},"}\n",[829,1413,1415,1416,479],{"id":1414},"dependency-trees-using-the-tikz-dependency-package","Dependency Trees using the ",[477,1417,1418],{},"tikz-dependency",[357,1420,418,1421,1423,1424,1427,1428,1431,1432,1435],{},[361,1422,1418],{}," package, last updated in 2012, provides high level commands to design and style dependency graphs. To draw a graph, you only need to create a ",[361,1425,1426],{},"dependency"," environment, write the text of the sentence within the ",[361,1429,1430],{},"deptext"," environment and use ",[361,1433,1434],{},"\\depedge"," commands to draw the edges. Global and local optional parameters can be used to style and fine tune the looks of the graph, as shown in the following example:",[486,1437,1439],{"className":488,"code":1438,"language":490,"meta":491,"style":491},"% In the preamble:\n\\usepackage{tikz-dependency}\n\n% In the document:\n\\begin{dependency}[theme = simple]\n   \\begin{deptext}[column sep=1em]\n      A \\& hearing \\& is \\& scheduled \\& on \\& the \\& issue \\& today \\& . \\\\\n   \\end{deptext}\n   \\deproot{3}{ROOT}\n   \\depedge{2}{1}{ATT}\n   \\depedge[edge start x offset=-6pt]{2}{5}{ATT}\n   \\depedge{3}{2}{SBJ}\n   \\depedge{3}{9}{PU}\n   \\depedge{3}{4}{VC}\n   \\depedge{4}{8}{TMP}\n   \\depedge{5}{7}{PC}\n   \\depedge[arc angle=50]{7}{6}{ATT}\n\\end{dependency}\n",[361,1440,1441,1445,1450,1454,1458,1463,1468,1473,1478,1483,1488,1493,1498,1503,1508,1513,1518,1523],{"__ignoreMap":491},[495,1442,1443],{"class":497,"line":498},[495,1444,1110],{},[495,1446,1447],{"class":497,"line":532},[495,1448,1449],{},"\\usepackage{tikz-dependency}\n",[495,1451,1452],{"class":497,"line":538},[495,1453,1120],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1119},[495,1455,1456],{"class":497,"line":566},[495,1457,1125],{},[495,1459,1460],{"class":497,"line":572},[495,1461,1462],{},"\\begin{dependency}[theme = simple]\n",[495,1464,1465],{"class":497,"line":613},[495,1466,1467],{},"   \\begin{deptext}[column sep=1em]\n",[495,1469,1470],{"class":497,"line":619},[495,1471,1472],{},"      A \\& hearing \\& is \\& scheduled \\& on \\& the \\& issue \\& today \\& . \\\\\n",[495,1474,1475],{"class":497,"line":625},[495,1476,1477],{},"   \\end{deptext}\n",[495,1479,1480],{"class":497,"line":631},[495,1481,1482],{},"   \\deproot{3}{ROOT}\n",[495,1484,1485],{"class":497,"line":637},[495,1486,1487],{},"   \\depedge{2}{1}{ATT}\n",[495,1489,1490],{"class":497,"line":1158},[495,1491,1492],{},"   \\depedge[edge start x offset=-6pt]{2}{5}{ATT}\n",[495,1494,1495],{"class":497,"line":1164},[495,1496,1497],{},"   \\depedge{3}{2}{SBJ}\n",[495,1499,1500],{"class":497,"line":1170},[495,1501,1502],{},"   \\depedge{3}{9}{PU}\n",[495,1504,1505],{"class":497,"line":1176},[495,1506,1507],{},"   \\depedge{3}{4}{VC}\n",[495,1509,1510],{"class":497,"line":1182},[495,1511,1512],{},"   \\depedge{4}{8}{TMP}\n",[495,1514,1515],{"class":497,"line":1188},[495,1516,1517],{},"   \\depedge{5}{7}{PC}\n",[495,1519,1520],{"class":497,"line":1194},[495,1521,1522],{},"   \\depedge[arc angle=50]{7}{6}{ATT}\n",[495,1524,1525],{"class":497,"line":1200},[495,1526,1527],{},"\\end{dependency}\n",[357,1529,1530,1531],{},"For more details see the ",[420,1532,1534],{"href":444,"rel":1533},[424],"TikZ-dependency documentation",[465,1536,1538],{"id":1537},"glosses","Glosses",[357,1540,1541],{},"Below is how to make glossed examples with different packages.",[473,1543,1545,1546],{"id":1544},"with-gb4e","With ",[361,1547,377],{},[357,1549,1550,1551,1553,1554,1556,1557,1559,1560,1563,1564,1567],{},"To create a glossed example with ",[361,1552,377],{},", last updated in 2010, use the normal ",[361,1555,514],{}," environment. But after the ",[361,1558,518],{}," tag, introduce the example and its gloss using ",[361,1561,1562],{},"\\gll"," and the translation after it with ",[361,1565,1566],{},"\\trans"," tag.",[486,1569,1571],{"className":488,"code":1570,"language":490,"meta":491,"style":491},"\\begin{exe}\n\\ex \n\\gll Кот ест сметану\\\\\ncat.NOM eat.3.SG.PRS sour-cream.ACC\\\\\n\\trans `The cat eats sour cream'\n\\end{exe}\n",[361,1572,1573,1577,1582,1587,1592,1597],{"__ignoreMap":491},[495,1574,1575],{"class":497,"line":498},[495,1576,529],{},[495,1578,1579],{"class":497,"line":532},[495,1580,1581],{},"\\ex \n",[495,1583,1584],{"class":497,"line":538},[495,1585,1586],{},"\\gll Кот ест сметану\\\\\n",[495,1588,1589],{"class":497,"line":566},[495,1590,1591],{},"cat.NOM eat.3.SG.PRS sour-cream.ACC\\\\\n",[495,1593,1594],{"class":497,"line":572},[495,1595,1596],{},"\\trans `The cat eats sour cream'\n",[495,1598,1599],{"class":497,"line":613},[495,1600,541],{},[357,1602,1603],{},"Vertically aligned glosses are separated by spaces, so if it's necessary to include a space in part the gloss, simply enclose the connected parts inside braces.",[486,1605,1607],{"className":488,"code":1606,"language":490,"meta":491,"style":491},"\\begin{exe}\n\\ex \n\\gll Pekka pel\\\"astyi karhusta.\\\\\n     Pekka {became afraid} bear.ELA\\\\\n\\trans `Pekka became afraid because of the\u002Fa bear.'\n\\end{exe}\n",[361,1608,1609,1613,1617,1622,1627,1632],{"__ignoreMap":491},[495,1610,1611],{"class":497,"line":498},[495,1612,529],{},[495,1614,1615],{"class":497,"line":532},[495,1616,1581],{},[495,1618,1619],{"class":497,"line":538},[495,1620,1621],{},"\\gll Pekka pel\\\"astyi karhusta.\\\\\n",[495,1623,1624],{"class":497,"line":566},[495,1625,1626],{},"     Pekka {became afraid} bear.ELA\\\\\n",[495,1628,1629],{"class":497,"line":572},[495,1630,1631],{},"\\trans `Pekka became afraid because of the\u002Fa bear.'\n",[495,1633,1634],{"class":497,"line":613},[495,1635,541],{},[473,1637,1545,1639],{"id":1638},"with-ling-macros",[361,1640,718],{},[357,1642,418,1643,1645,1646,1649,1650,727,1652,1654,1655,1659,1660,1663],{},[361,1644,718],{}," package, last updated in 2016, uses the ",[361,1647,1648],{},"\\shortex"," command to introduce glossed examples inside the ",[361,1651,726],{},[361,1653,730],{}," commands. This command takes four arguments and builds off the normal ",[420,1656,1658],{"href":1657},"\u002Ftables-and-graphics\u002Ftables#the-tabular-environment","tabular"," environment. Its first argument specifies the number of columns in the gloss. The second and third arguments give the text and its gloss respectively, and items within each column are divided by the usual ",[361,1661,1662],{},"&"," tabular separator. The fourth argument is the translation.",[486,1665,1667],{"className":488,"code":1666,"language":490,"meta":491,"style":491},"\\enumsentence{\\shortex{3}\n        {Pekka & pel\\\"astyi & karhu-sta.}\n        {Pekka & became afraid & bear.ELA}\n        {`Pekka became afraid because of the\u002Fa bear.'}\n",[361,1668,1669,1674,1679,1684],{"__ignoreMap":491},[495,1670,1671],{"class":497,"line":498},[495,1672,1673],{},"\\enumsentence{\\shortex{3}\n",[495,1675,1676],{"class":497,"line":532},[495,1677,1678],{},"        {Pekka & pel\\\"astyi & karhu-sta.}\n",[495,1680,1681],{"class":497,"line":538},[495,1682,1683],{},"        {Pekka & became afraid & bear.ELA}\n",[495,1685,1686],{"class":497,"line":566},[495,1687,1688],{},"        {`Pekka became afraid because of the\u002Fa bear.'}\n",[357,1690,1691],{},"}",[465,1693,1695],{"id":1694},"ipa-characters","IPA characters",[357,1697,418,1698,1700],{},[361,1699,363],{}," package, last updated in 2004, was the standard LaTeX package for International Phonetic Alphabet symbols before the widespread adoption of Unicode. Now, however, IPA symbols in Unicode can be used directly in LaTeX in combination with XeLaTeX and LuaLaTeX, greatly improving readability.",[486,1702,1704],{"className":488,"code":1703,"language":490,"meta":491,"style":491},"\\usepackage{tipa}\n",[361,1705,1706],{"__ignoreMap":491},[495,1707,1708],{"class":497,"line":498},[495,1709,1703],{},[357,1711,1712,1713,1716],{},"There are two methods for getting IPA symbols into a document. The first way is to use the ",[361,1714,1715],{},"IPA"," environment.",[486,1718,1720],{"className":488,"code":1719,"language":490,"meta":491,"style":491},"\\begin{IPA}\ntext in IPA format here\n\\end{IPA}\n",[361,1721,1722,1727,1732],{"__ignoreMap":491},[495,1723,1724],{"class":497,"line":498},[495,1725,1726],{},"\\begin{IPA}\n",[495,1728,1729],{"class":497,"line":532},[495,1730,1731],{},"text in IPA format here\n",[495,1733,1734],{"class":497,"line":538},[495,1735,1736],{},"\\end{IPA}\n",[357,1738,1739,1740,1743,1744,712],{},"This method is useful for long stretches of text that need to be in IPA. Alternatively, there is the ",[361,1741,1742],{},"\\textipa"," command that will format the text in its argument into IPA. This command is similar to other ",[420,1745,1746],{"href":65},"font typesetting commands",[486,1748,1750],{"className":488,"code":1749,"language":490,"meta":491,"style":491},"\\textipa{text in IPA format here}\n",[361,1751,1752],{"__ignoreMap":491},[495,1753,1754],{"class":497,"line":498},[495,1755,1749],{},[473,1757,1759],{"id":1758},"basic-symbols","Basic symbols",[357,1761,1762],{},"The IPA format works by translating ASCII characters into corresponding IPA symbols. Lower case letters are rendered as usual,",[486,1764,1766],{"className":488,"code":1765,"language":490,"meta":491,"style":491},"\\textipa{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}\n",[361,1767,1768],{"__ignoreMap":491},[495,1769,1770],{"class":497,"line":498},[495,1771,1765],{},[357,1773,1774],{},"however capital letters are rendered differently.",[486,1776,1778],{"className":488,"code":1777,"language":490,"meta":491,"style":491},"\\textipa{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ}\n",[361,1779,1780],{"__ignoreMap":491},[495,1781,1782],{"class":497,"line":498},[495,1783,1777],{},[357,1785,1786,1787,1716],{},"Punctuation marks that are normally used in LaTeX are also rendered faithfully in the ",[361,1788,1715],{},[486,1790,1792],{"className":488,"code":1791,"language":490,"meta":491,"style":491},"\\textipa{! * + = ? . , \u002F [ ] ( ) ` ' { } }\n",[361,1793,1794],{"__ignoreMap":491},[495,1795,1796],{"class":497,"line":498},[495,1797,1791],{},[357,1799,1800,1801,1804,1805,1716],{},"Numerals and ",[361,1802,1803],{},"@"," also have variants in the ",[361,1806,1715],{},[486,1808,1810],{"className":488,"code":1809,"language":490,"meta":491,"style":491},"\\textipa{1234567890 @}\n",[361,1811,1812],{"__ignoreMap":491},[495,1813,1814],{"class":497,"line":498},[495,1815,1809],{},[357,1817,1818,1819,1822],{},"In addition, there are a number of special macros for representing symbols that don't have other associations, some of which are listed here. For a complete list see the official ",[361,1820,1821],{},"TIPA"," Manual.",[357,1824,418,1825,1828],{},[361,1826,1827],{},"\\;"," macro preceding a capital letter produces a small caps version of the letter.",[486,1830,1832],{"className":488,"code":1831,"language":490,"meta":491,"style":491},"\\textipa{\\;A \\;B \\;E \\;G \\;H \\;I \\;L \\;R \\;Y}\n",[361,1833,1834],{"__ignoreMap":491},[495,1835,1836],{"class":497,"line":498},[495,1837,1831],{},[357,1839,418,1840,1843],{},[361,1841,1842],{},"\\:"," macro produces retroflex symbols.",[486,1845,1847],{"className":488,"code":1846,"language":490,"meta":491,"style":491},"\\textipa{\\:d \\:l \\:n \\:r \\:s \\:t \\:z}\n",[361,1848,1849],{"__ignoreMap":491},[495,1850,1851],{"class":497,"line":498},[495,1852,1846],{},[357,1854,418,1855,1858],{},[361,1856,1857],{},"\\!"," macro produces implosive symbols and the bilabial click.",[486,1860,1862],{"className":488,"code":1861,"language":490,"meta":491,"style":491},"\\textipa{\\!b \\!d \\!g \\!j \\!G \\!o}\n",[361,1863,1864],{"__ignoreMap":491},[495,1865,1866],{"class":497,"line":498},[495,1867,1861],{},[473,1869,1871],{"id":1870},"xelatex","XeLaTeX",[357,1873,1874,1875,1878],{},"The modern way of inputting IPA symbols in a document is to use ",[361,1876,1877],{},"XeTeX"," as the compiler and insert the symbols directly, using a character map or an IPA keyboard.",[357,1880,1881,1882,1885],{},"You can type ",[495,1883,1884],{},"fəˈnɛtɪk"," symbols in a straightforward manner.",[465,1887,1889],{"id":1888},"phonological-rules","Phonological rules",[357,1891,1892,1893,1896],{},"Typesetting phonological rules can be done with the help of the ",[361,1894,1895],{},"phonrule"," package, last updated in 2017.",[357,1898,1899],{},"Following is an example of what you can achieve with the package:",[486,1901,1903],{"className":488,"code":1902,"language":490,"meta":491,"style":491},"\\phonb{\\phonfeat{+stop \\\\ +consonant \\\\ +alveolar} }{[ɾ]}{\\phonfeat{+vowel \\\\ +stressed} }{\\phonfeat{+vowel \\\\ +stressed} }\n",[361,1904,1905],{"__ignoreMap":491},[495,1906,1907],{"class":497,"line":498},[495,1908,1902],{},[465,1910,1912],{"id":1911},"references","References",[465,1914,1916],{"id":1915},"external-links","External links",[369,1918,1919,1926,1933],{},[372,1920,1921],{},[420,1922,1925],{"href":1923,"rel":1924},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.essex.ac.uk\u002Flinguistics\u002Fexternal\u002Fclmt\u002Flatex4ling\u002F",[424],"LaTeX for Linguists",[372,1927,1928],{},[420,1929,1932],{"href":1930,"rel":1931},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ling.upenn.edu\u002Fadvice\u002Flatex\u002Fqtree\u002F",[424],"The qtree package for drawing syntactic trees.",[372,1934,1935],{},[420,1936,1939],{"href":1937,"rel":1938},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ctan.org\u002Ftex-archive\u002Fmacros\u002Flatex\u002Fcontrib\u002Fgb4e\u002F",[424],"The gb4e package page on CTAN. ",[1941,1942,1943],"style",{},"html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}",{"title":491,"searchDepth":532,"depth":532,"links":1945},[1946,1952,1956,1962,1966,1967,1968],{"id":467,"depth":532,"text":468,"children":1947},[1948,1950],{"id":475,"depth":538,"text":1949},"The gb4e package",{"id":715,"depth":538,"text":1951},"The ling-macros package",{"id":816,"depth":532,"text":817,"children":1953},[1954,1955],{"id":823,"depth":538,"text":824},{"id":1082,"depth":538,"text":1083},{"id":1537,"depth":532,"text":1538,"children":1957},[1958,1960],{"id":1544,"depth":538,"text":1959},"With gb4e",{"id":1638,"depth":538,"text":1961},"With ling-macros",{"id":1694,"depth":532,"text":1695,"children":1963},[1964,1965],{"id":1758,"depth":538,"text":1759},{"id":1870,"depth":538,"text":1871},{"id":1888,"depth":532,"text":1889},{"id":1911,"depth":532,"text":1912},{"id":1915,"depth":532,"text":1916},"Formatting syntactic trees, phonetic alphabets, glosses, and other linguistic features in LaTeX.","md",null,{},{"title":178,"description":1969},"uEUcRQZGmKV8NMqc2NQ-mj3mmgwY8etd_z3cyhj6yg4",[1976,1978],{"title":174,"path":175,"stem":176,"description":1977,"children":-1},"Drawing 2D chemical structures, bonds, rings, and skeletal diagrams directly in LaTeX using chemfig.",{"title":182,"path":183,"stem":184,"description":1979,"children":-1},"Comprehensive guide to managing bibliographies in LaTeX using BibTeX, BibLaTeX, natbib, and related tools.",1785155509841]