[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1419},["ShallowReactive",2],{"navigation_docs":3,"-reference-lengths":351,"-reference-lengths-surround":1414},[4,31,45,83,109,147,197,215,253,291,329],{"title":5,"icon":6,"path":7,"stem":8,"children":9,"page":30},"Getting Started","i-lucide-play","\u002Fgetting-started","01.getting-started",[10,14,18,22,26],{"title":11,"path":12,"stem":13},"Introduction","\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fintroduction","01.getting-started\u002F01.introduction",{"title":15,"path":16,"stem":17},"Installation","\u002Fgetting-started\u002Finstallation","01.getting-started\u002F02.installation",{"title":19,"path":20,"stem":21},"Installing Extra Packages","\u002Fgetting-started\u002Finstalling-extra-packages","01.getting-started\u002F03.installing-extra-packages",{"title":23,"path":24,"stem":25},"Basics","\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fbasics","01.getting-started\u002F04.basics",{"title":27,"path":28,"stem":29},"How to Get Help","\u002Fgetting-started\u002Fhow-to-get-help","01.getting-started\u002F05.how-to-get-help",false,{"title":32,"icon":33,"path":34,"stem":35,"children":36,"page":30},"AI Integration","i-lucide-bot","\u002Fai-integration","02.ai-integration",[37,41],{"title":38,"path":39,"stem":40},"Model Context Protocol (MCP)","\u002Fai-integration\u002Fmcp","02.ai-integration\u002F01.mcp",{"title":42,"path":43,"stem":44},"Agent Skills","\u002Fai-integration\u002Fskills","02.ai-integration\u002F02.skills",{"title":46,"icon":47,"path":48,"stem":49,"children":50,"page":30},"Document Fundamentals","i-lucide-file-text","\u002Fdocument-fundamentals","03.document-fundamentals",[51,55,59,63,67,71,75,79],{"title":52,"path":53,"stem":54},"Document Structure","\u002Fdocument-fundamentals\u002Fdocument-structure","03.document-fundamentals\u002F01.document-structure",{"title":56,"path":57,"stem":58},"Text Formatting","\u002Fdocument-fundamentals\u002Ftext-formatting","03.document-fundamentals\u002F02.text-formatting",{"title":60,"path":61,"stem":62},"Paragraph Formatting","\u002Fdocument-fundamentals\u002Fparagraph-formatting","03.document-fundamentals\u002F03.paragraph-formatting",{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66},"Fonts","\u002Fdocument-fundamentals\u002Ffonts","03.document-fundamentals\u002F04.fonts",{"title":68,"path":69,"stem":70},"Colors","\u002Fdocument-fundamentals\u002Fcolors","03.document-fundamentals\u002F05.colors",{"title":72,"path":73,"stem":74},"List Structures","\u002Fdocument-fundamentals\u002Flist-structures","03.document-fundamentals\u002F06.list-structures",{"title":76,"path":77,"stem":78},"Special Characters","\u002Fdocument-fundamentals\u002Fspecial-characters","03.document-fundamentals\u002F07.special-characters",{"title":80,"path":81,"stem":82},"Internationalization","\u002Fdocument-fundamentals\u002Finternationalization","03.document-fundamentals\u002F08.internationalization",{"title":84,"icon":85,"path":86,"stem":87,"children":88,"page":30},"Page Design","i-lucide-layout","\u002Fpage-design","04.page-design",[89,93,97,101,105],{"title":90,"path":91,"stem":92},"Page Layout","\u002Fpage-design\u002Fpage-layout","04.page-design\u002F01.page-layout",{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96},"Page Headers and Footers","\u002Fpage-design\u002Fcustomizing-page-headers-and-footers","04.page-design\u002F02.customizing-page-headers-and-footers",{"title":98,"path":99,"stem":100},"Title Creation","\u002Fpage-design\u002Ftitle-creation","04.page-design\u002F03.title-creation",{"title":102,"path":103,"stem":104},"Footnotes and Margin Notes","\u002Fpage-design\u002Ffootnotes-and-margin-notes","04.page-design\u002F04.footnotes-and-margin-notes",{"title":106,"path":107,"stem":108},"Rotations","\u002Fpage-design\u002Frotations","04.page-design\u002F05.rotations",{"title":110,"icon":111,"path":112,"stem":113,"children":114,"page":30},"Tables and Graphics","i-lucide-table","\u002Ftables-and-graphics","05.tables-and-graphics",[115,119,123,127,131,135,139,143],{"title":116,"path":117,"stem":118},"Tables","\u002Ftables-and-graphics\u002Ftables","05.tables-and-graphics\u002F01.tables",{"title":120,"path":121,"stem":122},"Floats, Figures and Captions","\u002Ftables-and-graphics\u002Ffloats-figures-and-captions","05.tables-and-graphics\u002F02.floats-figures-and-captions",{"title":124,"path":125,"stem":126},"Importing Graphics","\u002Ftables-and-graphics\u002Fimporting-graphics","05.tables-and-graphics\u002F03.importing-graphics",{"title":128,"path":129,"stem":130},"Introducing Procedural Graphics","\u002Ftables-and-graphics\u002Fintroducing-procedural-graphics","05.tables-and-graphics\u002F04.introducing-procedural-graphics",{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134},"PGF\u002FTikZ","\u002Ftables-and-graphics\u002Fpgf-tikz","05.tables-and-graphics\u002F05.pgf-tikz",{"title":136,"path":137,"stem":138},"PSTricks","\u002Ftables-and-graphics\u002Fpstricks","05.tables-and-graphics\u002F06.pstricks",{"title":140,"path":141,"stem":142},"MetaPost","\u002Ftables-and-graphics\u002Fmetapost","05.tables-and-graphics\u002F07.metapost",{"title":144,"path":145,"stem":146},"Picture","\u002Ftables-and-graphics\u002Fpicture","05.tables-and-graphics\u002F08.picture",{"title":148,"icon":149,"path":150,"stem":151,"children":152,"page":30},"Technical Writing","i-lucide-flask-conical","\u002Ftechnical-writing","06.technical-writing",[153,157,161,165,169,173,177,181,185,189,193],{"title":154,"path":155,"stem":156},"Mathematics","\u002Ftechnical-writing\u002Fmathematics","06.technical-writing\u002F01.mathematics",{"title":158,"path":159,"stem":160},"Advanced Mathematics","\u002Ftechnical-writing\u002Fadvanced-mathematics","06.technical-writing\u002F02.advanced-mathematics",{"title":162,"path":163,"stem":164},"Theorems","\u002Ftechnical-writing\u002Ftheorems","06.technical-writing\u002F03.theorems",{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168},"Algorithms","\u002Ftechnical-writing\u002Falgorithms","06.technical-writing\u002F04.algorithms",{"title":170,"path":171,"stem":172},"Source Code Listings","\u002Ftechnical-writing\u002Fsource-code-listings","06.technical-writing\u002F05.source-code-listings",{"title":174,"path":175,"stem":176},"Chemical Graphics","\u002Ftechnical-writing\u002Fchemical-graphics","06.technical-writing\u002F06.chemical-graphics",{"title":178,"path":179,"stem":180},"Linguistics","\u002Ftechnical-writing\u002Flinguistics","06.technical-writing\u002F07.linguistics",{"title":182,"path":183,"stem":184},"Bibliography Management","\u002Ftechnical-writing\u002Fbibliography-management","06.technical-writing\u002F08.bibliography-management",{"title":186,"path":187,"stem":188},"More Bibliographies","\u002Ftechnical-writing\u002Fmore-bibliographies","06.technical-writing\u002F09.more-bibliographies",{"title":190,"path":191,"stem":192},"Indexing","\u002Ftechnical-writing\u002Findices","06.technical-writing\u002F10.indices",{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196},"Glossary","\u002Ftechnical-writing\u002Fglossary","06.technical-writing\u002F11.glossary",{"title":198,"icon":199,"path":200,"stem":201,"children":202,"page":30},"Cross-References and Links","i-lucide-link","\u002Fcross-references","07.cross-references",[203,207,211],{"title":204,"path":205,"stem":206},"Labels and Cross Referencing","\u002Fcross-references\u002Flabels-and-cross-referencing","07.cross-references\u002F01.labels-and-cross-referencing",{"title":208,"path":209,"stem":210},"Hyperlinks","\u002Fcross-references\u002Fhyperlinks","07.cross-references\u002F02.hyperlinks",{"title":212,"path":213,"stem":214},"Initials","\u002Fcross-references\u002Finitials","07.cross-references\u002F03.initials",{"title":216,"icon":217,"path":218,"stem":219,"children":220,"page":30},"Specialized Documents","i-lucide-file-badge","\u002Fspecialized-documents","08.specialized-documents",[221,225,229,233,237,241,245,249],{"title":222,"path":223,"stem":224},"Scientific Reports","\u002Fspecialized-documents\u002Fscientific-reports","08.specialized-documents\u002F01.scientific-reports",{"title":226,"path":227,"stem":228},"Letters","\u002Fspecialized-documents\u002Fletters","08.specialized-documents\u002F02.letters",{"title":230,"path":231,"stem":232},"Presentations","\u002Fspecialized-documents\u002Fpresentations","08.specialized-documents\u002F03.presentations",{"title":234,"path":235,"stem":236},"Teacher's Corner","\u002Fspecialized-documents\u002Fteachers-corner","08.specialized-documents\u002F04.teachers-corner",{"title":238,"path":239,"stem":240},"Curriculum Vitae","\u002Fspecialized-documents\u002Fcurriculum-vitae","08.specialized-documents\u002F05.curriculum-vitae",{"title":242,"path":243,"stem":244},"Academic Journals","\u002Fspecialized-documents\u002Facademic-journals","08.specialized-documents\u002F06.academic-journals",{"title":246,"path":247,"stem":248},"Xy-pic","\u002Fspecialized-documents\u002Fxy-pic","08.specialized-documents\u002F07.xy-pic",{"title":250,"path":251,"stem":252},"Creating 3D Graphics","\u002Fspecialized-documents\u002Fcreating-3d-graphics","08.specialized-documents\u002F08.creating-3d-graphics",{"title":254,"icon":255,"path":256,"stem":257,"children":258,"page":30},"Programming LaTeX","i-lucide-code","\u002Fprogramming","09.programming",[259,263,267,271,275,279,283,287],{"title":260,"path":261,"stem":262},"Macros","\u002Fprogramming\u002Fmacros","09.programming\u002F01.macros",{"title":264,"path":265,"stem":266},"Plain TeX","\u002Fprogramming\u002Fplain-tex","09.programming\u002F02.plain-tex",{"title":268,"path":269,"stem":270},"Creating Packages","\u002Fprogramming\u002Fcreating-packages","09.programming\u002F03.creating-packages",{"title":272,"path":273,"stem":274},"Creating Package Documentation","\u002Fprogramming\u002Fcreating-package-documentation","09.programming\u002F04.creating-package-documentation",{"title":276,"path":277,"stem":278},"Themes","\u002Fprogramming\u002Fthemes","09.programming\u002F05.themes",{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282},"Modular Documents","\u002Fprogramming\u002Fmodular-documents","09.programming\u002F06.modular-documents",{"title":284,"path":285,"stem":286},"Collaborative Writing of LaTeX Documents","\u002Fprogramming\u002Fcollaborative-writing","09.programming\u002F07.collaborative-writing",{"title":288,"path":289,"stem":290},"Export To Other Formats","\u002Fprogramming\u002Fexport-to-other-formats","09.programming\u002F08.export-to-other-formats",{"title":292,"icon":293,"path":294,"stem":295,"children":296,"page":30},"Reference and Help","i-lucide-book-open","\u002Freference","10.reference",[297,301,305,309,313,317,321,325],{"title":298,"path":299,"stem":300},"FAQ","\u002Freference\u002Ffaq","10.reference\u002F01.faq",{"title":302,"path":303,"stem":304},"Tips and Tricks","\u002Freference\u002Ftips-and-tricks","10.reference\u002F02.tips-and-tricks",{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308},"Errors and Warnings","\u002Freference\u002Ferrors-and-warnings","10.reference\u002F03.errors-and-warnings",{"title":310,"path":311,"stem":312},"Lengths","\u002Freference\u002Flengths","10.reference\u002F04.lengths",{"title":314,"path":315,"stem":316},"Counters","\u002Freference\u002Fcounters","10.reference\u002F05.counters",{"title":318,"path":319,"stem":320},"Boxes","\u002Freference\u002Fboxes","10.reference\u002F06.boxes",{"title":322,"path":323,"stem":324},"Rules and Struts","\u002Freference\u002Frules-and-struts","10.reference\u002F07.rules-and-struts",{"title":326,"path":327,"stem":328},"Command Glossary","\u002Freference\u002Fcommand-glossary","10.reference\u002F08.command-glossary",{"title":330,"icon":331,"path":332,"stem":333,"children":334,"page":30},"Appendices","i-lucide-bookmark","\u002Fappendices","11.appendices",[335,339,343,347],{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338},"Package Reference","\u002Fappendices\u002Fpackage-reference","11.appendices\u002F01.package-reference",{"title":340,"path":341,"stem":342},"Sample LaTeX Documents","\u002Fappendices\u002Fsample-latex-documents","11.appendices\u002F02.sample-latex-documents",{"title":344,"path":345,"stem":346},"Links","\u002Fappendices\u002Flinks","11.appendices\u002F03.links",{"title":348,"path":349,"stem":350},"Authors","\u002Fappendices\u002Fauthors","11.appendices\u002F04.authors",{"id":352,"title":310,"body":353,"description":1408,"extension":1409,"links":1410,"meta":1411,"navigation":1096,"path":311,"seo":1412,"stem":312,"__hash__":1413},"docs\u002F10.reference\u002F04.lengths.md",{"type":354,"value":355,"toc":1395},"minimark",[356,360,367,384,389,398,403,406,535,538,541,669,673,676,693,700,704,707,716,719,728,731,740,743,765,771,781,792,801,804,807,814,823,827,830,841,844,853,858,862,865,969,973,976,991,1001,1008,1018,1027,1036,1039,1059,1062,1065,1124,1128,1131,1140,1147,1156,1159,1188,1198,1209,1224,1227,1253,1257,1260,1279,1283,1286,1295,1298,1307,1313,1391],[357,358,359],"p",{},"In TeX, a length is:",[361,362,363],"ul",{},[364,365,366],"li",{},"a floating point number followed by a unit, optionally followed by a stretching value;",[368,369,374],"pre",{"className":370,"code":371,"language":372,"meta":373,"style":373},"language-latex shiki shiki-themes material-theme-lighter material-theme material-theme-palenight","3.5pt plus 1pt minus 2pt\n","latex","",[375,376,377],"code",{"__ignoreMap":373},[378,379,382],"span",{"class":380,"line":381},"line",1,[378,383,371],{},[361,385,386],{},[364,387,388],{},"a floating point factor followed by a macro that expands to a length.",[368,390,392],{"className":370,"code":391,"language":372,"meta":373,"style":373},"1.7\\textwidth\n",[375,393,394],{"__ignoreMap":373},[378,395,396],{"class":380,"line":381},[378,397,391],{},[399,400,402],"h2",{"id":401},"units","Units",[357,404,405],{},"First, we introduce the LaTeX measurement units. All LaTeX units are two-letter abbreviations. You can choose from a variety of units. Here are the most common ones.",[407,408,409,428],"table",{},[410,411,412],"thead",{},[413,414,415,419,422,425],"tr",{},[416,417,418],"th",{},"Abbreviation",[416,420,421],{},"Definition",[416,423,424],{},"Value in points (pt)",[416,426,427],{},"Value in micrometers (um)",[429,430,431,449,465,481,497,518],"tbody",{},[413,432,433,440,443,446],{},[434,435,436],"td",{},[437,438,439],"strong",{},"pt",[434,441,442],{},"a point is 1\u002F72.27 inch, that means about 0.0138 inch.",[434,444,445],{},"1",[434,447,448],{},"351.46",[413,450,451,456,459,462],{},[434,452,453],{},[437,454,455],{},"mm",[434,457,458],{},"a millimeter",[434,460,461],{},"2.84 = 7227\u002F2540",[434,463,464],{},"1000",[413,466,467,472,475,478],{},[434,468,469],{},[437,470,471],{},"cm",[434,473,474],{},"a centimeter",[434,476,477],{},"28.4 = 7227\u002F254",[434,479,480],{},"10000",[413,482,483,488,491,494],{},[434,484,485],{},[437,486,487],{},"in",[434,489,490],{},"inch",[434,492,493],{},"72.27",[434,495,496],{},"25400",[413,498,499,504,510,516],{},[434,500,501],{},[437,502,503],{},"ex",[434,505,506,507],{},"roughly the height of an 'x' ",[437,508,509],{},"in the current font",[434,511,512],{},[513,514,515],"em",{},"undefined, depends on the font used",[434,517],{},[413,519,520,524,529,533],{},[434,521,522],{},[437,523,513],{},[434,525,526,527],{},"roughly the width of an 'M' (uppercase) ",[437,528,509],{},[434,530,531],{},[513,532,515],{},[434,534],{},[357,536,537],{},"The point is the default unit and 1pt is the default length. All other units are converted to the point by a fixed ratio.",[357,539,540],{},"Here are some less common units.",[407,542,543,555],{},[410,544,545],{},[413,546,547,549,551,553],{},[416,548,418],{},[416,550,421],{},[416,552,424],{},[416,554,427],{},[429,556,557,573,589,605,621,637,653],{},[413,558,559,564,567,570],{},[434,560,561],{},[437,562,563],{},"bp",[434,565,566],{},"a big point is 1\u002F72 inch, that means about 0.0139 inch.",[434,568,569],{},"1.00375 = 803\u002F800",[434,571,572],{},"352 7\u002F9",[413,574,575,580,583,586],{},[434,576,577],{},[437,578,579],{},"pc",[434,581,582],{},"pica",[434,584,585],{},"12",[434,587,588],{},"4218",[413,590,591,596,599,602],{},[434,592,593],{},[437,594,595],{},"dd",[434,597,598],{},"didot",[434,600,601],{},"1.070 = 1238\u002F1157",[434,603,604],{},"376",[413,606,607,612,615,618],{},[434,608,609],{},[437,610,611],{},"cc",[434,613,614],{},"cicero (12 didot)",[434,616,617],{},"12.84 = 14856\u002F1157",[434,619,620],{},"4512",[413,622,623,628,631,634],{},[434,624,625],{},[437,626,627],{},"nd",[434,629,630],{},"new didot",[434,632,633],{},"1.067 = 685\u002F642",[434,635,636],{},"375",[413,638,639,644,647,650],{},[434,640,641],{},[437,642,643],{},"nc",[434,645,646],{},"new cicero (12 new didot)",[434,648,649],{},"12.80 = 1370\u002F107",[434,651,652],{},"4500",[413,654,655,660,663,666],{},[434,656,657],{},[437,658,659],{},"sp",[434,661,662],{},"scaled point",[434,664,665],{},"0.000015 = 1\u002F65536",[434,667,668],{},"0.00536",[399,670,672],{"id":671},"box-lengths","Box lengths",[357,674,675],{},"A box in TeX is characterized by three lengths:",[361,677,678,683,688],{},[364,679,680],{},[513,681,682],{},"depth",[364,684,685],{},[513,686,687],{},"height",[364,689,690],{},[513,691,692],{},"width",[357,694,695,696,699],{},"See ",[697,698,318],"a",{"href":319},".",[399,701,703],{"id":702},"length-manipulation","Length manipulation",[357,705,706],{},"You can change the values of the variables defining the page layout with two commands. With this one you can set a new value for an existing length variable:",[368,708,710],{"className":370,"code":709,"language":372,"meta":373,"style":373},"\\setlength{\\mylength}{length}\n",[375,711,712],{"__ignoreMap":373},[378,713,714],{"class":380,"line":381},[378,715,709],{},[357,717,718],{},"with this other one, you can add a value to the existing one:",[368,720,722],{"className":370,"code":721,"language":372,"meta":373,"style":373},"\\addtolength{\\mylength}{length}\n",[375,723,724],{"__ignoreMap":373},[378,725,726],{"class":380,"line":381},[378,727,721],{},[357,729,730],{},"You can create your own length with the command, and you must create a new length before you attempt to set it:",[368,732,734],{"className":370,"code":733,"language":372,"meta":373,"style":373},"\\newlength{\\mylength}\n",[375,735,736],{"__ignoreMap":373},[378,737,738],{"class":380,"line":381},[378,739,733],{},[357,741,742],{},"You may also set a length from the size of a text with one of these commands:",[368,744,746],{"className":370,"code":745,"language":372,"meta":373,"style":373},"\\settowidth{\\mylength}{some text}\n\\settoheight{\\mylength}{some text}\n\\settodepth{\\mylength}{some text}\n",[375,747,748,753,759],{"__ignoreMap":373},[378,749,750],{"class":380,"line":381},[378,751,752],{},"\\settowidth{\\mylength}{some text}\n",[378,754,756],{"class":380,"line":755},2,[378,757,758],{},"\\settoheight{\\mylength}{some text}\n",[378,760,762],{"class":380,"line":761},3,[378,763,764],{},"\\settodepth{\\mylength}{some text}\n",[357,766,767,768,699],{},"The calc package provides also the function ",[375,769,770],{},"\\settototalheight{\\mylength}{some text}",[357,772,773,774,777,778,780],{},"When using these commands, you may duplicate the text that you want to use as reference if you plan to also display it. But LaTeX also provides ",[375,775,776],{},"\\savebox"," to avoid this duplication. You may wish to look at the example below to see how you can use these. See ",[697,779,318],{"href":319}," for more details.",[357,782,783,784,787,788,791],{},"You can also define stretched values. A stretching value is a length preceded by ",[375,785,786],{},"plus"," or ",[375,789,790],{},"minus"," to specify to what extent TeX is authorized to change the length. Example:",[368,793,795],{"className":370,"code":794,"language":372,"meta":373,"style":373},"\\setlength{\\parskip}{10pt plus 5pt minus 3pt}\n",[375,796,797],{"__ignoreMap":373},[378,798,799],{"class":380,"line":381},[378,800,794],{},[357,802,803],{},"It means that TeX will try to use a length of 10pt; if it is underfull, it will raise the length up to a maximum of 15pt; if it is overfull, it will lower the length up to a minimum of 7pt.",[357,805,806],{},"Note that it is not mandatory to specify both the plus and the minus values, but if you do, plus must be placed before minus.",[357,808,809,810,813],{},"To print a length, you can use the ",[375,811,812],{},"\\the"," command:",[368,815,817],{"className":370,"code":816,"language":372,"meta":373,"style":373},"\\the\\textwidth\n",[375,818,819],{"__ignoreMap":373},[378,820,821],{"class":380,"line":381},[378,822,816],{},[824,825,264],"h3",{"id":826},"plain-tex",[357,828,829],{},"To create a new length:",[368,831,835],{"className":832,"code":833,"language":834,"meta":373,"style":373},"language-tex shiki shiki-themes material-theme-lighter material-theme material-theme-palenight","\\newdimen\\mylength\n","tex",[375,836,837],{"__ignoreMap":373},[378,838,839],{"class":380,"line":381},[378,840,833],{},[357,842,843],{},"To set a length:",[368,845,847],{"className":832,"code":846,"language":834,"meta":373,"style":373},"\\mylength=1.5in\n",[375,848,849],{"__ignoreMap":373},[378,850,851],{"class":380,"line":381},[378,852,846],{},[357,854,855,856,699],{},"To view, it is the same as with LaTeX, using the command ",[375,857,812],{},[399,859,861],{"id":860},"latex-default-lengths","LaTeX default lengths",[357,863,864],{},"Common length macros are:",[361,866,867,873,885,891,897,903,909,915,921,927,933,939,945,951,957,963],{},[364,868,869,872],{},[375,870,871],{},"\\baselineskip"," — The normal vertical distance between lines in a paragraph.",[364,874,875,878,879,881,882,699],{},[375,876,877],{},"\\baselinestretch"," — A factor multiplying ",[375,880,871],{},". Has to be set with ",[375,883,884],{},"\\renewcommand{\\baselinestretch}{factor}",[364,886,887,890],{},[375,888,889],{},"\\columnsep"," — The distance between columns.",[364,892,893,896],{},[375,894,895],{},"\\columnwidth"," — The width of the column.",[364,898,899,902],{},[375,900,901],{},"\\evensidemargin"," — The margin for 'even' pages (think of a printed booklet).",[364,904,905,908],{},[375,906,907],{},"\\linewidth"," — The width of a line in the local environment.",[364,910,911,914],{},[375,912,913],{},"\\oddsidemargin"," — The margin for 'odd' pages (think of a printed booklet).",[364,916,917,920],{},[375,918,919],{},"\\paperwidth"," — The width of the page.",[364,922,923,926],{},[375,924,925],{},"\\paperheight"," — The height of the page.",[364,928,929,932],{},[375,930,931],{},"\\parindent"," — The normal paragraph indentation.",[364,934,935,938],{},[375,936,937],{},"\\parskip"," — The extra vertical space between paragraphs.",[364,940,941,944],{},[375,942,943],{},"\\tabcolsep"," — The default separation between columns in a tabular environment.",[364,946,947,950],{},[375,948,949],{},"\\textheight"," — The height of text on the page.",[364,952,953,956],{},[375,954,955],{},"\\textwidth"," — The width of the text on the page.",[364,958,959,962],{},[375,960,961],{},"\\topmargin"," — The size of the top margin.",[364,964,965,968],{},[375,966,967],{},"\\unitlength"," — Units of length in picture environment.",[399,970,972],{"id":971},"fixed-length-spaces","Fixed-length spaces",[357,974,975],{},"To insert a fixed-length space, use:",[368,977,979],{"className":370,"code":978,"language":372,"meta":373,"style":373},"\\hspace{length}\n\\vspace{length}\n",[375,980,981,986],{"__ignoreMap":373},[378,982,983],{"class":380,"line":381},[378,984,985],{},"\\hspace{length}\n",[378,987,988],{"class":380,"line":755},[378,989,990],{},"\\vspace{length}\n",[357,992,993,996,997,1000],{},[375,994,995],{},"\\hspace"," stands for horizontal space, ",[375,998,999],{},"\\vspace"," for vertical space.",[357,1002,1003,1004,1007],{},"If such a space should be kept even if it falls at the end or the start of a line, use ",[375,1005,1006],{},"\\hspace*"," instead.",[357,1009,1010,1011,1014,1015,1017],{},"If the space should be preserved at the top or at the bottom of a page, use the starred version of the command, ",[375,1012,1013],{},"\\vspace*",", instead of ",[375,1016,999],{},". If you want to add space at the beginning of the document, without anything else written before, then you may use:",[368,1019,1021],{"className":370,"code":1020,"language":372,"meta":373,"style":373},"{ \\vspace*{length} }\n",[375,1022,1023],{"__ignoreMap":373},[378,1024,1025],{"class":380,"line":381},[378,1026,1020],{},[357,1028,1029,1030,1032,1033,1035],{},"It's important you use the ",[375,1031,1013],{}," command instead of ",[375,1034,999],{},", otherwise LaTeX can silently ignore the extra space.",[357,1037,1038],{},"TeX features some macros for fixed-length spacing:",[361,1040,1041,1047,1053],{},[364,1042,1043,1046],{},[375,1044,1045],{},"\\smallskip"," — Inserts a small space in vertical mode (between two paragraphs).",[364,1048,1049,1052],{},[375,1050,1051],{},"\\medskip"," — Inserts a medium space in vertical mode (between two paragraphs).",[364,1054,1055,1058],{},[375,1056,1057],{},"\\bigskip"," — Inserts a big space in vertical mode (between two paragraphs).",[357,1060,1061],{},"The vertical mode is during the process of assembling boxes \"vertically\", like paragraphs to build a page. The horizontal mode is during the process of assembling boxes \"horizontally\", like letters to build a word or words to build a paragraph.",[357,1063,1064],{},"The fact they are vertical mode commands mean they will be ignored (or fail) in horizontal mode such as in the middle of a paragraph. The first token next to a double linebreak is still in vertical mode if it does not expand to characters.",[368,1066,1068],{"className":370,"code":1067,"language":372,"meta":373,"style":373},"% WRONG!\nSome words.\n\\bigskip\nLet's continue.\n\n%% CORRECT!\nSome words.\n\n\\bigskip\nLet's continue.\n",[375,1069,1070,1075,1080,1085,1091,1098,1104,1109,1114,1119],{"__ignoreMap":373},[378,1071,1072],{"class":380,"line":381},[378,1073,1074],{},"% WRONG!\n",[378,1076,1077],{"class":380,"line":755},[378,1078,1079],{},"Some words.\n",[378,1081,1082],{"class":380,"line":761},[378,1083,1084],{},"\\bigskip\n",[378,1086,1088],{"class":380,"line":1087},4,[378,1089,1090],{},"Let's continue.\n",[378,1092,1094],{"class":380,"line":1093},5,[378,1095,1097],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1096},true,"\n",[378,1099,1101],{"class":380,"line":1100},6,[378,1102,1103],{},"%% CORRECT!\n",[378,1105,1107],{"class":380,"line":1106},7,[378,1108,1079],{},[378,1110,1112],{"class":380,"line":1111},8,[378,1113,1097],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1096},[378,1115,1117],{"class":380,"line":1116},9,[378,1118,1084],{},[378,1120,1122],{"class":380,"line":1121},10,[378,1123,1090],{},[399,1125,1127],{"id":1126},"rubberstretching-lengths","Rubber\u002FStretching lengths",[357,1129,1130],{},"The command:",[368,1132,1134],{"className":370,"code":1133,"language":372,"meta":373,"style":373},"\\stretch{factor}\n",[375,1135,1136],{"__ignoreMap":373},[378,1137,1138],{"class":380,"line":381},[378,1139,1133],{},[357,1141,1142,1143,1146],{},"generates a special rubber space where factor is a number, possibly a float. It stretches until all the remaining space on a line is filled up. If two ",[375,1144,1145],{},"\\hspace{\\stretch{factor} }"," commands are issued on the same line, they grow according to the stretch factor.",[368,1148,1150],{"className":370,"code":1149,"language":372,"meta":373,"style":373},"x \\hspace{ \\stretch{1} } x \\hspace{ \\stretch{3} } x\n",[375,1151,1152],{"__ignoreMap":373},[378,1153,1154],{"class":380,"line":381},[378,1155,1149],{},[357,1157,1158],{},"The same way, you can stretch vertically:",[368,1160,1162],{"className":370,"code":1161,"language":372,"meta":373,"style":373},"\\maketitle\n\\vspace{ \\stretch{1} }\nSome comments.\n\\vspace{ \\stretch{1} }\n\\tableofcontents\n",[375,1163,1164,1169,1174,1179,1183],{"__ignoreMap":373},[378,1165,1166],{"class":380,"line":381},[378,1167,1168],{},"\\maketitle\n",[378,1170,1171],{"class":380,"line":755},[378,1172,1173],{},"\\vspace{ \\stretch{1} }\n",[378,1175,1176],{"class":380,"line":761},[378,1177,1178],{},"Some comments.\n",[378,1180,1181],{"class":380,"line":1087},[378,1182,1173],{},[378,1184,1185],{"class":380,"line":1093},[378,1186,1187],{},"\\tableofcontents\n",[357,1189,1190,1191,1194,1195,699],{},"You can also use ",[375,1192,1193],{},"\\fill"," instead of ",[375,1196,1197],{},"\\stretch{1}",[357,1199,1200,1201,1204,1205,1208],{},"The ",[375,1202,1203],{},"\\stretch"," command, in connection with ",[375,1206,1207],{},"\\pagebreak",", can be used to typeset text on the last line of a page, or to center text vertically on a page.",[357,1210,1211,1212,787,1214,1216,1217,1220,1221,699],{},"There are 'shortcut commands' for stretching with factor 1 (i.e. with ",[375,1213,1197],{},[375,1215,1193],{},"): ",[375,1218,1219],{},"\\hfill"," and ",[375,1222,1223],{},"\\vfill",[357,1225,1226],{},"Example:",[368,1228,1230],{"className":370,"code":1229,"language":372,"meta":373,"style":373},"\\maketitle\n\\vfill\nSome comments.\n\\vfill\n\\tableofcontents\n",[375,1231,1232,1236,1241,1245,1249],{"__ignoreMap":373},[378,1233,1234],{"class":380,"line":381},[378,1235,1168],{},[378,1237,1238],{"class":380,"line":755},[378,1239,1240],{},"\\vfill\n",[378,1242,1243],{"class":380,"line":761},[378,1244,1178],{},[378,1246,1247],{"class":380,"line":1087},[378,1248,1240],{},[378,1250,1251],{"class":380,"line":1093},[378,1252,1187],{},[824,1254,1256],{"id":1255},"fill-the-rest-of-the-line","Fill the rest of the line",[357,1258,1259],{},"Several macros allow filling the rest of the line -- or stretching parts of the line -- in different manners:",[361,1261,1262,1267,1273],{},[364,1263,1264,1266],{},[375,1265,1219],{}," will produce empty space.",[364,1268,1269,1272],{},[375,1270,1271],{},"\\dotfill"," will produce dots.",[364,1274,1275,1278],{},[375,1276,1277],{},"\\hrulefill"," will produce a rule.",[399,1280,1282],{"id":1281},"examples","Examples",[357,1284,1285],{},"Resize an image to take exactly half the text width:",[368,1287,1289],{"className":370,"code":1288,"language":372,"meta":373,"style":373},"\\includegraphics[width=0.5\\textwidth]{mygraphic}\n",[375,1290,1291],{"__ignoreMap":373},[378,1292,1293],{"class":380,"line":381},[378,1294,1288],{},[357,1296,1297],{},"Make distance between items larger (inside an itemize environment):",[368,1299,1301],{"className":370,"code":1300,"language":372,"meta":373,"style":373},"\\addtolength{\\itemsep}{0.5\\baselineskip}\n",[375,1302,1303],{"__ignoreMap":373},[378,1304,1305],{"class":380,"line":381},[378,1306,1300],{},[357,1308,1309,1310,1312],{},"Use of ",[375,1311,776],{}," to resize an image to the height of the text:",[368,1314,1316],{"className":370,"code":1315,"language":372,"meta":373,"style":373},"% Create the holders we will need for our work\n\\newlength{\\mytitleheight}\n\\newsavebox{\\mytitletext}\n% Create the reference text for measures\n\\savebox{\\mytitletext}{%\n  \\Large\\bfseries This is our title%\n}\n\\settoheight{\\mytitleheight}{ \\usebox{\\mytitletext} }\n% Now creates the actual object in our document\n\\framebox[\\textwidth][l]{%\n  \\includegraphics[height=\\mytitleheight]{my_image}%\n  \\hspace{2mm}%\n  \\usebox{\\mytitletext}%\n}\n",[375,1317,1318,1323,1328,1333,1338,1343,1348,1353,1358,1363,1368,1374,1380,1386],{"__ignoreMap":373},[378,1319,1320],{"class":380,"line":381},[378,1321,1322],{},"% Create the holders we will need for our work\n",[378,1324,1325],{"class":380,"line":755},[378,1326,1327],{},"\\newlength{\\mytitleheight}\n",[378,1329,1330],{"class":380,"line":761},[378,1331,1332],{},"\\newsavebox{\\mytitletext}\n",[378,1334,1335],{"class":380,"line":1087},[378,1336,1337],{},"% Create the reference text for measures\n",[378,1339,1340],{"class":380,"line":1093},[378,1341,1342],{},"\\savebox{\\mytitletext}{%\n",[378,1344,1345],{"class":380,"line":1100},[378,1346,1347],{},"  \\Large\\bfseries This is our title%\n",[378,1349,1350],{"class":380,"line":1106},[378,1351,1352],{},"}\n",[378,1354,1355],{"class":380,"line":1111},[378,1356,1357],{},"\\settoheight{\\mytitleheight}{ \\usebox{\\mytitletext} }\n",[378,1359,1360],{"class":380,"line":1116},[378,1361,1362],{},"% Now creates the actual object in our document\n",[378,1364,1365],{"class":380,"line":1121},[378,1366,1367],{},"\\framebox[\\textwidth][l]{%\n",[378,1369,1371],{"class":380,"line":1370},11,[378,1372,1373],{},"  \\includegraphics[height=\\mytitleheight]{my_image}%\n",[378,1375,1377],{"class":380,"line":1376},12,[378,1378,1379],{},"  \\hspace{2mm}%\n",[378,1381,1383],{"class":380,"line":1382},13,[378,1384,1385],{},"  \\usebox{\\mytitletext}%\n",[378,1387,1389],{"class":380,"line":1388},14,[378,1390,1352],{},[1392,1393,1394],"style",{},"html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}",{"title":373,"searchDepth":755,"depth":755,"links":1396},[1397,1398,1399,1402,1403,1404,1407],{"id":401,"depth":755,"text":402},{"id":671,"depth":755,"text":672},{"id":702,"depth":755,"text":703,"children":1400},[1401],{"id":826,"depth":761,"text":264},{"id":860,"depth":755,"text":861},{"id":971,"depth":755,"text":972},{"id":1126,"depth":755,"text":1127,"children":1405},[1406],{"id":1255,"depth":761,"text":1256},{"id":1281,"depth":755,"text":1282},"Working with LaTeX length units, measurement manipulation, fixed-length spaces, and rubber\u002Fstretching lengths.","md",null,{},{"title":310,"description":1408},"UY_KR9C7N5Yckz46uGa5B5U4td4LCYPJBQ-mZgV8sUo",[1415,1417],{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308,"description":1416,"children":-1},"Understanding and resolving common LaTeX error messages, warnings, and troubleshooting techniques.",{"title":314,"path":315,"stem":316,"description":1418,"children":-1},"Managing LaTeX counters for numbering sections, lists, captions, and other document elements.",1785155515008]