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Documents","\u002Fappendices\u002Fsample-latex-documents","11.appendices\u002F02.sample-latex-documents",{"title":344,"path":345,"stem":346},"Links","\u002Fappendices\u002Flinks","11.appendices\u002F03.links",{"title":348,"path":349,"stem":350},"Authors","\u002Fappendices\u002Fauthors","11.appendices\u002F04.authors",{"id":352,"title":318,"body":353,"description":1151,"extension":1152,"links":1153,"meta":1154,"navigation":740,"path":319,"seo":1155,"stem":320,"__hash__":1156},"docs\u002F10.reference\u002F06.boxes.md",{"type":354,"value":355,"toc":1134},"minimark",[356,361,374,377,380,387,390,395,398,421,424,428,435,451,516,532,541,553,562,571,617,622,670,683,687,694,709,726,756,760,771,786,794,829,832,846,849,869,872,887,890,924,928,931,951,965,969,984,987,990,1007,1011,1014,1017,1026,1038,1101,1104,1108,1112,1115,1130],[357,358,360],"h2",{"id":359},"tex-boxes-and-glue-overview","TeX boxes and glue overview",[362,363,364,365,369,370,373],"p",{},"A ",[366,367,368],"em",{},"box"," is the TeX term for an invisible container that can hold a visible element, nothing, or other boxes. ",[366,371,372],{},"Glue"," is the TeX term for an invisible connector that determines the relative position of joined boxes. Each separate visible element contained within a TeX document is contained within a box. A visible element can be a letter, image, geometric shape, etc. TeX builds pages by gluing boxes together according to the default TeX rules, default LaTeX rules, or document commands. In a typical document, letter boxes are glued to other letter boxes to form words, which are then elastically glued to other words to form sentences. Sentences are broken into lines and placed in paragraph boxes. Elastic glue is squeezed or stretched to fully justify lines within paragraph boxes. Paragraph boxes are glued to diagram boxes, and so on.",[362,375,376],{},"While it is true that boxes can hold other boxes, not all commands that can generate boxes can be used within all other commands that can generate boxes. There are often workarounds for these limitations.",[362,378,379],{},"The size of a box is typically related to the size and position of its contents, but it doesn't have to be. Many box commands accept custom widths and\u002For heights, and there are other commands that affect the shape and position of boxes. Boxes are placed relative to other boxes, while visible elements are placed relative to the boxes which contain them.",[362,381,382,383,386],{},"A more complete description of boxes and glue can be found in chapters 11 and 12 of Donald E. Knuth's, ",[366,384,385],{},"The TeXbook",".",[357,388,389],{"id":389},"boxes",[391,392,394],"h3",{"id":393},"character-boxes","character boxes",[362,396,397],{},"TeX character boxes have three dimensional properties:",[399,400,401,409,415],"ul",{},[402,403,404,405,408],"li",{},"The ",[366,406,407],{},"height"," is the length between the baseline and the top of the box.",[402,410,404,411,414],{},[366,412,413],{},"depth"," is the length between the baseline and the bottom of the box.",[402,416,404,417,420],{},[366,418,419],{},"width"," is the width of the box.",[362,422,423],{},"Character boxes are glued together at the baseline.",[391,425,427],{"id":426},"parbox-minipage-and-pbox","parbox, minipage, and pbox",[362,429,364,430,434],{},[431,432,433],"code",{},"\\parbox"," is a box of specific width formatted in paragraph mode. In paragraph mode, text is broken into lines and lines are broken into pages.",[436,437,442],"pre",{"className":438,"code":439,"language":440,"meta":441,"style":441},"language-latex shiki shiki-themes material-theme-lighter material-theme material-theme-palenight","\\parbox[pos][height][contentpos]{width}{text}\n","latex","",[431,443,444],{"__ignoreMap":441},[445,446,449],"span",{"class":447,"line":448},"line",1,[445,450,439],{},[399,452,453,472,479,498],{},[402,454,455,457,458,461,462,461,465,468,469,386],{},[431,456,419],{}," defines the width of the paragraph box. Text will be broken into lines so that it fits within this width. Besides fixed lengths, you can also provide user defined length macros or TeX\u002FLaTeX defined length macros and primitives such as ",[431,459,460],{},"\\width",", ",[431,463,464],{},"\\height",[431,466,467],{},"\\depth"," and ",[431,470,471],{},"\\totalheight",[402,473,474,476,477,386],{},[431,475,407],{}," defines the height of the ",[431,478,433],{},[402,480,481,484,485,489,490,493,494,497],{},[431,482,483],{},"pos"," selects which baseline to join. It can be ",[486,487,488],"strong",{},"t","op, ",[486,491,492],{},"b","ottom, or ",[486,495,496],{},"c","enter. This parameter is often confusing to new users! See the special note below.",[402,499,500,503,504,506,507,489,509,511,512,515],{},[431,501,502],{},"contentpos"," positions the contents of the box within the box. It can be one of ",[486,505,496],{},"enter, ",[486,508,488],{},[486,510,492],{},"ottom or ",[486,513,514],{},"s","pread. Note that contentpos has no effect if the box is not larger than the text it contains.",[362,517,518,521,522,525,526,528,529,531],{},[431,519,520],{},"\\pbox"," is available in the ",[366,523,524],{},"pbox"," package. A ",[431,527,520],{}," has the same parameters as a ",[431,530,433],{},", but if the user provided width parameter is larger than the actual contents of the pbox the pbox shrinks to fit the content. This is only useful if the content contains manual line breaks and you wish to fit the resulting material.",[436,533,535],{"className":438,"code":534,"language":440,"meta":441,"style":441},"\\pbox[pos][height]{width}{text}\n",[431,536,537],{"__ignoreMap":441},[445,538,539],{"class":447,"line":448},[445,540,534],{},[362,542,543,544,546,547,549,550,552],{},"The minipage environment takes the same parameters as a ",[431,545,433],{},", and behaves nearly identically to it. The difference between a minipage and a ",[431,548,433],{}," is that a ",[431,551,433],{}," can only contain a single paragraph and you cannot use all commands and environments inside it, while a minipage may contain multiple paragraphs and, in fact, almost anything.",[436,554,556],{"className":438,"code":555,"language":440,"meta":441,"style":441},"\\begin{minipage}[pos][height][contentpos]{width} text \\end{minipage}\n",[431,557,558],{"__ignoreMap":441},[445,559,560],{"class":447,"line":448},[445,561,555],{},[362,563,564,565,567,568,570],{},"You can make use of minipage, ",[431,566,433],{},", and ",[431,569,520],{}," to embed paragraphs in non-paragraph boxes. For instance:",[436,572,574],{"className":438,"code":573,"language":440,"meta":441,"style":441},"\\fbox{%\n  \\parbox{\\textwidth}{\n    Some very long text\\\\\n    that would not be allowed\\\\\n    in an fbox.\n  }%\n}\n",[431,575,576,581,587,593,599,605,611],{"__ignoreMap":441},[445,577,578],{"class":447,"line":448},[445,579,580],{},"\\fbox{%\n",[445,582,584],{"class":447,"line":583},2,[445,585,586],{},"  \\parbox{\\textwidth}{\n",[445,588,590],{"class":447,"line":589},3,[445,591,592],{},"    Some very long text\\\\\n",[445,594,596],{"class":447,"line":595},4,[445,597,598],{},"    that would not be allowed\\\\\n",[445,600,602],{"class":447,"line":601},5,[445,603,604],{},"    in an fbox.\n",[445,606,608],{"class":447,"line":607},6,[445,609,610],{},"  }%\n",[445,612,614],{"class":447,"line":613},7,[445,615,616],{},"}\n",[618,619,621],"h4",{"id":620},"special-notes-on-the-pos-parameter","special notes on the pos parameter",[623,624,404,625,627,628,631,632,634,635,637,638,640,641,643,644,647,648,650,651,653,654,657,658,660,661,663,664,666,667,669],"warning",{},[431,626,483],{}," alignment parameter does ",[366,629,630],{},"not"," refer to the ",[431,633,433],{},"'s borders when contentpos is either missing or equal to ",[431,636,483],{}," and anytime ",[431,639,483],{}," = ",[486,642,496],{},"enter! Under any of these circumstances the alignment parameter selects which line of text ",[366,645,646],{},"within"," the ",[431,649,433],{}," will be used to align the paragraph box. The ",[431,652,433],{}," is placed so the ",[366,655,656],{},"baseline"," of that chosen line of text is aligned to the ",[366,659,656],{}," of the box that the ",[431,662,433],{}," is glued to. Thus, if the pos is set top, the baseline of the top line of text in the ",[431,665,433],{}," will line up with the baseline outside of the ",[431,668,433],{},". In the special case of a parbox that has only one line of text, that one and only line of text is the top, bottom, and center line of text simultaneously, and changing pos will appear to do nothing unless additional text is added.",[362,671,672,673,675,676,679,680,682],{},"If the contentpos is present and ",[366,674,630],{}," the same as pos and pos is not ",[486,677,678],{},"center",", the ",[431,681,433],{}," will align at its borders.",[391,684,686],{"id":685},"makebox-and-mbox","makebox and mbox",[362,688,689,690,693],{},"Makebox creates a single-line box, optionally of fixed width, but otherwise large enough to hold its contents. Note that the width does not have to be wider than the contents: for instance, setting width to 0 typesets the content without changing the current position. (E.g., this would allow for an overstrike.) Makebox is typically used to prevent hyphenation or simply to keep text that belongs together from being placed on separate lines. You cannot place line breaks (",[431,691,692],{},"\\\\",") within a Makebox. mbox is the shorthand no-option version of Makebox.",[436,695,697],{"className":438,"code":696,"language":440,"meta":441,"style":441},"\\mbox{text}\n\\makebox[width][pos]{text}\n",[431,698,699,704],{"__ignoreMap":441},[445,700,701],{"class":447,"line":448},[445,702,703],{},"\\mbox{text}\n",[445,705,706],{"class":447,"line":583},[445,707,708],{},"\\makebox[width][pos]{text}\n",[362,710,711,712,714,715,718,719,722,723,725],{},"The pos parameter takes a one letter value: ",[486,713,496],{},"enter, flush",[486,716,717],{},"l","eft, flush",[486,720,721],{},"r","ight, or ",[486,724,514],{},"pread the text to fill the box.",[436,727,729],{"className":438,"code":728,"language":440,"meta":441,"style":441},"\\makebox[0pt]{Some text} over this text\n\n\\makebox[15ex][s]{Censored text}\\hspace{-15ex}\\makebox[15ex][s]{X X X X X}\n\nText \\makebox[2\\width][r]{running away}\n",[431,730,731,736,742,747,751],{"__ignoreMap":441},[445,732,733],{"class":447,"line":448},[445,734,735],{},"\\makebox[0pt]{Some text} over this text\n",[445,737,738],{"class":447,"line":583},[445,739,741],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":740},true,"\n",[445,743,744],{"class":447,"line":589},[445,745,746],{},"\\makebox[15ex][s]{Censored text}\\hspace{-15ex}\\makebox[15ex][s]{X X X X X}\n",[445,748,749],{"class":447,"line":595},[445,750,741],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":740},[445,752,753],{"class":447,"line":601},[445,754,755],{},"Text \\makebox[2\\width][r]{running away}\n",[391,757,759],{"id":758},"framebox-and-fbox","framebox and fbox",[362,761,762,763,766,767,770],{},"The command ",[431,764,765],{},"\\framebox"," behaves identically to ",[431,768,769],{},"\\makebox"," except that it additionally draws a box around its contents.",[436,772,774],{"className":438,"code":773,"language":440,"meta":441,"style":441},"\\fbox{text}\n\\framebox[width][pos]{text}\n",[431,775,776,781],{"__ignoreMap":441},[445,777,778],{"class":447,"line":448},[445,779,780],{},"\\fbox{text}\n",[445,782,783],{"class":447,"line":583},[445,784,785],{},"\\framebox[width][pos]{text}\n",[362,787,788,789,468,791,793],{},"The following example shows you some things you could do with the ",[431,790,769],{},[431,792,765],{}," commands:",[436,795,797],{"className":438,"code":796,"language":440,"meta":441,"style":441},"\\makebox[\\textwidth]{c e n t r a l} \\par\n\\makebox[\\textwidth][s]{s p r e a d} \\par\n\\framebox[1.1\\width]{Guess I'm framed now!} \\par\n\\framebox[0.8\\width][r]{Bummer, I am too wide} \\par\n\\framebox[1cm][l]{never mind, so am I}\nCan you read this?\n",[431,798,799,804,809,814,819,824],{"__ignoreMap":441},[445,800,801],{"class":447,"line":448},[445,802,803],{},"\\makebox[\\textwidth]{c e n t r a l} \\par\n",[445,805,806],{"class":447,"line":583},[445,807,808],{},"\\makebox[\\textwidth][s]{s p r e a d} \\par\n",[445,810,811],{"class":447,"line":589},[445,812,813],{},"\\framebox[1.1\\width]{Guess I'm framed now!} \\par\n",[445,815,816],{"class":447,"line":595},[445,817,818],{},"\\framebox[0.8\\width][r]{Bummer, I am too wide} \\par\n",[445,820,821],{"class":447,"line":601},[445,822,823],{},"\\framebox[1cm][l]{never mind, so am I}\n",[445,825,826],{"class":447,"line":607},[445,827,828],{},"Can you read this?\n",[362,830,831],{},"You can tweak the following frame lengths:",[399,833,834,840],{},[402,835,836,839],{},[431,837,838],{},"\\fboxsep",": the distance between the frame and the content.",[402,841,842,845],{},[431,843,844],{},"\\fboxrule",": the thickness of the rule.",[362,847,848],{},"This prints a thick and more distant frame:",[436,850,852],{"className":438,"code":851,"language":440,"meta":441,"style":441},"\\setlength{\\fboxsep}{10pt}\n\\setlength{\\fboxrule}{5pt}\n\\fbox{A frame.}\n",[431,853,854,859,864],{"__ignoreMap":441},[445,855,856],{"class":447,"line":448},[445,857,858],{},"\\setlength{\\fboxsep}{10pt}\n",[445,860,861],{"class":447,"line":583},[445,862,863],{},"\\setlength{\\fboxrule}{5pt}\n",[445,865,866],{"class":447,"line":589},[445,867,868],{},"\\fbox{A frame.}\n",[362,870,871],{},"This shows the box frame of a letter:",[436,873,875],{"className":438,"code":874,"language":440,"meta":441,"style":441},"\\setlength{\\fboxsep}{0pt}\n\\fbox{A}\n",[431,876,877,882],{"__ignoreMap":441},[445,878,879],{"class":447,"line":448},[445,880,881],{},"\\setlength{\\fboxsep}{0pt}\n",[445,883,884],{"class":447,"line":583},[445,885,886],{},"\\fbox{A}\n",[362,888,889],{},"The framed package is available that adds the framed environment which provides an easy way to frame a paragraph within a document:",[436,891,893],{"className":438,"code":892,"language":440,"meta":441,"style":441},"\\usepackage{framed}\n% ...\n\n\\begin{framed}\nThis is an easy way to box text within a document!\n\\end{framed}\n",[431,894,895,900,905,909,914,919],{"__ignoreMap":441},[445,896,897],{"class":447,"line":448},[445,898,899],{},"\\usepackage{framed}\n",[445,901,902],{"class":447,"line":583},[445,903,904],{},"% ...\n",[445,906,907],{"class":447,"line":589},[445,908,741],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":740},[445,910,911],{"class":447,"line":595},[445,912,913],{},"\\begin{framed}\n",[445,915,916],{"class":447,"line":601},[445,917,918],{},"This is an easy way to box text within a document!\n",[445,920,921],{"class":447,"line":607},[445,922,923],{},"\\end{framed}\n",[391,925,927],{"id":926},"saveboxuseboxnewsavebox","savebox\u002Fusebox\u002Fnewsavebox",[362,929,930],{},"A savebox is a non-rendered box that is saved for later repeated rendering via the usebox command.",[436,932,934],{"className":438,"code":933,"language":440,"meta":441,"style":441},"\\newsavebox{\\boxname}\n\\savebox{\\boxname}{some content}\n\\usebox{\\boxname}\n",[431,935,936,941,946],{"__ignoreMap":441},[445,937,938],{"class":447,"line":448},[445,939,940],{},"\\newsavebox{\\boxname}\n",[445,942,943],{"class":447,"line":583},[445,944,945],{},"\\savebox{\\boxname}{some content}\n",[445,947,948],{"class":447,"line":589},[445,949,950],{},"\\usebox{\\boxname}\n",[362,952,762,953,956,957,960,961,964],{},[431,954,955],{},"\\newsavebox"," creates a placeholder for storing content; the command ",[431,958,959],{},"\\savebox"," stores the specified content in the placeholder without rendering it in the document; and ",[431,962,963],{},"\\usebox"," renders the content of the placeholder into the document.",[391,966,968],{"id":967},"colorbox-and-fcolorbox","colorbox and fcolorbox",[362,970,971,972,975,976,979,980,468,982,386],{},"See ",[973,974,68],"a",{"href":69},". ",[431,977,978],{},"\\fcolorbox"," can also be tweaked with ",[431,981,838],{},[431,983,844],{},[391,985,986],{"id":986},"fancybox",[362,988,989],{},"The fancybox package provides additional boxes:",[399,991,992,997,1002],{},[402,993,994],{},[431,995,996],{},"\\doublebox",[402,998,999],{},[431,1000,1001],{},"\\ovalbox",[402,1003,1004],{},[431,1005,1006],{},"\\shadowbox",[357,1008,1010],{"id":1009},"box-modifiers","box modifiers",[391,1012,1013],{"id":1013},"raisebox",[362,1015,1016],{},"Now that we control the horizontal, the obvious next step is to go for the vertical. No problem for LaTeX. The",[436,1018,1020],{"className":438,"code":1019,"language":440,"meta":441,"style":441},"\\raisebox{lift}[height][depth]{text}\n",[431,1021,1022],{"__ignoreMap":441},[445,1023,1024],{"class":447,"line":448},[445,1025,1019],{},[362,1027,1028,1029,461,1031,461,1033,468,1035,1037],{},"command lets you define the vertical properties of a box. You can use ",[431,1030,460],{},[431,1032,464],{},[431,1034,467],{},[431,1036,471],{}," in the first three parameters, in order to act upon the size of the box inside the text argument. The two optional parameters set for the height and depth of the raisebox. For instance you can observe the difference when embedded in a framebox.",[436,1039,1041],{"className":438,"code":1040,"language":440,"meta":441,"style":441},"\\raisebox{0pt}[0pt][0pt]{\\Large%\n  \\textbf{Aaaa\\raisebox{-0.3ex}{a}%\n    \\raisebox{-0.7ex}{aa}%\n    \\raisebox{-1.2ex}{r}%\n    \\raisebox{-2.2ex}{g}%\n    \\raisebox{-4.5ex}{h}\n  }\n}\nhe shouted but not even the next\none in line noticed that something\nterrible had happened to him.\n",[431,1042,1043,1048,1053,1058,1063,1068,1073,1078,1083,1089,1095],{"__ignoreMap":441},[445,1044,1045],{"class":447,"line":448},[445,1046,1047],{},"\\raisebox{0pt}[0pt][0pt]{\\Large%\n",[445,1049,1050],{"class":447,"line":583},[445,1051,1052],{},"  \\textbf{Aaaa\\raisebox{-0.3ex}{a}%\n",[445,1054,1055],{"class":447,"line":589},[445,1056,1057],{},"    \\raisebox{-0.7ex}{aa}%\n",[445,1059,1060],{"class":447,"line":595},[445,1061,1062],{},"    \\raisebox{-1.2ex}{r}%\n",[445,1064,1065],{"class":447,"line":601},[445,1066,1067],{},"    \\raisebox{-2.2ex}{g}%\n",[445,1069,1070],{"class":447,"line":607},[445,1071,1072],{},"    \\raisebox{-4.5ex}{h}\n",[445,1074,1075],{"class":447,"line":613},[445,1076,1077],{},"  }\n",[445,1079,1081],{"class":447,"line":1080},8,[445,1082,616],{},[445,1084,1086],{"class":447,"line":1085},9,[445,1087,1088],{},"he shouted but not even the next\n",[445,1090,1092],{"class":447,"line":1091},10,[445,1093,1094],{},"one in line noticed that something\n",[445,1096,1098],{"class":447,"line":1097},11,[445,1099,1100],{},"terrible had happened to him.\n",[391,1102,1103],{"id":1103},"rotatebox",[362,1105,971,1106,386],{},[973,1107,106],{"href":107},[391,1109,1111],{"id":1110},"resizebox-and-scalebox","resizebox and scalebox",[362,1113,1114],{},"The graphicx package features additional boxes:",[436,1116,1118],{"className":438,"code":1117,"language":440,"meta":441,"style":441},"\\resizebox{10ex}{2\\baselineskip}{Dunhill style}\n\\scalebox{10}{Giant}\n",[431,1119,1120,1125],{"__ignoreMap":441},[445,1121,1122],{"class":447,"line":448},[445,1123,1124],{},"\\resizebox{10ex}{2\\baselineskip}{Dunhill style}\n",[445,1126,1127],{"class":447,"line":583},[445,1128,1129],{},"\\scalebox{10}{Giant}\n",[1131,1132,1133],"style",{},"html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}",{"title":441,"searchDepth":583,"depth":583,"links":1135},[1136,1137,1146],{"id":359,"depth":583,"text":360},{"id":389,"depth":583,"text":389,"children":1138},[1139,1140,1141,1142,1143,1144,1145],{"id":393,"depth":589,"text":394},{"id":426,"depth":589,"text":427},{"id":685,"depth":589,"text":686},{"id":758,"depth":589,"text":759},{"id":926,"depth":589,"text":927},{"id":967,"depth":589,"text":968},{"id":986,"depth":589,"text":986},{"id":1009,"depth":583,"text":1010,"children":1147},[1148,1149,1150],{"id":1013,"depth":589,"text":1013},{"id":1103,"depth":589,"text":1103},{"id":1110,"depth":589,"text":1111},"Working with TeX boxes and glue, including parbox, minipage, makebox, framebox, savebox, and box modifiers.","md",null,{},{"title":318,"description":1151},"Xrhfl87S2YIIQBsHzGVOEFBqXy58zTkw0pIceF5Xouk",[1158,1160],{"title":314,"path":315,"stem":316,"description":1159,"children":-1},"Managing LaTeX counters for numbering sections, lists, captions, and other document elements.",{"title":322,"path":323,"stem":324,"description":1161,"children":-1},"Drawing horizontal and vertical rules, creating struts for minimum height guarantees, and using stretched rules in LaTeX.",1785155515436]