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Documents","\u002Fappendices\u002Fsample-latex-documents","11.appendices\u002F02.sample-latex-documents",{"title":344,"path":345,"stem":346},"Links","\u002Fappendices\u002Flinks","11.appendices\u002F03.links",{"title":348,"path":349,"stem":350},"Authors","\u002Fappendices\u002Fauthors","11.appendices\u002F04.authors",{"id":352,"title":56,"body":353,"description":1125,"extension":1126,"links":1127,"meta":1128,"navigation":477,"path":57,"seo":1129,"stem":58,"__hash__":1130},"docs\u002F03.document-fundamentals\u002F02.text-formatting.md",{"type":354,"value":355,"toc":1107},"minimark",[356,368,375,378,383,388,391,408,419,426,460,463,517,531,535,538,545,560,564,567,570,579,586,596,600,607,616,622,661,665,668,672,675,678,687,690,699,706,726,729,738,741,750,754,765,774,777,780,789,796,800,803,875,900,911,915,918,933,940,944,951,966,970,983,992,995,1004,1008,1017,1036,1040,1043,1052,1063,1067,1074,1103],[357,358,359,360,364,365,367],"p",{},"This section will guide you through text-formatting techniques. ",[361,362,363],"em",{},"Formatting"," refers to most things to do with appearance including text style and spacing. ",[361,366,363],{}," may also refer to paragraph and page layout; here we will focus on the customization of words and sentences.",[357,369,370,371,374],{},"Writers use formatting techniques to differentiate textual elements from the rest of the text. The many ways in which writers wish to differentiate textual elements give rise to many formatting techniques. Italicization is often used to add emphasis to key words or phrases. ",[361,372,373],{},"Footnotes"," are useful for providing extra information or clarification without interrupting the main flow of the text. For these reasons, formatting is very important. However, it is also very easy to abuse, and a document that has been overdone can look and read worse than one with none at all.",[357,376,377],{},"LaTeX is so flexible that we will actually only skim the surface, as you can have much more control over the presentation of your document if you wish. Having said that, one of the purposes of LaTeX is to take away the stress of having to deal with the physical presentation yourself, so you need not get too carried away!",[379,380,382],"h2",{"id":381},"spacing","Spacing",[384,385,387],"h3",{"id":386},"line-spacing","Line Spacing",[357,389,390],{},"If you want to use larger inter-line spacing in a document, you can change its value by putting the",[392,393,398],"pre",{"className":394,"code":395,"language":396,"meta":397,"style":397},"language-latex shiki shiki-themes material-theme-lighter material-theme material-theme-palenight","\\linespread{factor}\n","latex","",[399,400,401],"code",{"__ignoreMap":397},[402,403,406],"span",{"class":404,"line":405},"line",1,[402,407,395],{},[357,409,410,411,414,415,418],{},"command into the preamble of your document. Use ",[399,412,413],{},"\\linespread{1.3}"," for \"one and a half\" line spacing, and ",[399,416,417],{},"\\linespread{1.6}"," for \"double\" line spacing. Normally the lines are not spread, so the default line spread factor is 1.",[357,420,421,422,425],{},"The ",[399,423,424],{},"setspace"," package allows more fine-grained control over line spacing:",[392,427,429],{"className":394,"code":428,"language":396,"meta":397,"style":397},"\\usepackage{setspace}\n%\\singlespacing\n\\onehalfspacing\n%\\doublespacing\n%\\setstretch{1.1}\n",[399,430,431,436,442,448,454],{"__ignoreMap":397},[402,432,433],{"class":404,"line":405},[402,434,435],{},"\\usepackage{setspace}\n",[402,437,439],{"class":404,"line":438},2,[402,440,441],{},"%\\singlespacing\n",[402,443,445],{"class":404,"line":444},3,[402,446,447],{},"\\onehalfspacing\n",[402,449,451],{"class":404,"line":450},4,[402,452,453],{},"%\\doublespacing\n",[402,455,457],{"class":404,"line":456},5,[402,458,459],{},"%\\setstretch{1.1}\n",[357,461,462],{},"To change line spacing within the document:",[392,464,466],{"className":394,"code":465,"language":396,"meta":397,"style":397},"This paragraph has \\\\ default \\\\ line spacing.\n\n\\begin{doublespace}\n  This paragraph has \\\\ double \\\\ line spacing.\n\\end{doublespace}\n\n\\begin{spacing}{2.5}\n  This paragraph has \\\\ huge gaps \\\\ between lines.\n\\end{spacing}\n",[399,467,468,473,479,484,489,494,499,505,511],{"__ignoreMap":397},[402,469,470],{"class":404,"line":405},[402,471,472],{},"This paragraph has \\\\ default \\\\ line spacing.\n",[402,474,475],{"class":404,"line":438},[402,476,478],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":477},true,"\n",[402,480,481],{"class":404,"line":444},[402,482,483],{},"\\begin{doublespace}\n",[402,485,486],{"class":404,"line":450},[402,487,488],{},"  This paragraph has \\\\ double \\\\ line spacing.\n",[402,490,491],{"class":404,"line":456},[402,492,493],{},"\\end{doublespace}\n",[402,495,497],{"class":404,"line":496},6,[402,498,478],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":477},[402,500,502],{"class":404,"line":501},7,[402,503,504],{},"\\begin{spacing}{2.5}\n",[402,506,508],{"class":404,"line":507},8,[402,509,510],{},"  This paragraph has \\\\ huge gaps \\\\ between lines.\n",[402,512,514],{"class":404,"line":513},9,[402,515,516],{},"\\end{spacing}\n",[518,519,520],"blockquote",{},[357,521,522,526,527,530],{},[523,524,525],"strong",{},"Note:"," The line spacing value is contained in the ",[399,528,529],{},"\\baselineskip"," length, but it is not recommended to change its value since it will have an impact on other types of content than paragraphs.",[384,532,534],{"id":533},"non-breaking-spaces","Non-Breaking Spaces",[357,536,537],{},"A non-breaking space between two tokens (e.g. words, punctuation marks) prevents the processors from inserting a line break between them. Additionally, a non-breaking space cannot be enlarged. It is very important for a consistent reading.",[357,539,540,541,544],{},"LaTeX uses the ",[399,542,543],{},"~"," symbol as a non-breaking space:",[392,546,548],{"className":394,"code":547,"language":396,"meta":397,"style":397},"D.~Knuth\nEUR~50\n",[399,549,550,555],{"__ignoreMap":397},[402,551,552],{"class":404,"line":405},[402,553,554],{},"D.~Knuth\n",[402,556,557],{"class":404,"line":438},[402,558,559],{},"EUR~50\n",[384,561,563],{"id":562},"sentence-spacing","Sentence-Spacing",[357,565,566],{},"LaTeX inserts varying amounts of space between the words. By default, it follows traditional typesetting practice and inserts more space at the end of a sentence to assist the reader: an em-space rather than a word-space.",[357,568,569],{},"The additional space after periods can be disabled with:",[392,571,573],{"className":394,"code":572,"language":396,"meta":397,"style":397},"\\frenchspacing\n",[399,574,575],{"__ignoreMap":397},[402,576,577],{"class":404,"line":405},[402,578,572],{},[357,580,581,582,585],{},"which tells LaTeX not to insert more space after a period than after ordinary character. Frenchspacing can be turned off later in your document via the ",[399,583,584],{},"\\nonfrenchspacing"," command.",[357,587,588,589,591,592,595],{},"A backslash before a space generates a space that will not be enlarged. A tilde ",[399,590,543],{}," character generates a non-breaking space. The command ",[399,593,594],{},"\\@"," before a period specifies that this period terminates a sentence even when it follows an uppercase letter.",[384,597,599],{"id":598},"stretched-spaces","Stretched Spaces",[357,601,602,603,606],{},"You can insert a horizontal stretched space with ",[399,604,605],{},"\\hfill",":",[392,608,610],{"className":394,"code":609,"language":396,"meta":397,"style":397},"Author Name \\hfill \\today\n",[399,611,612],{"__ignoreMap":397},[402,613,614],{"class":404,"line":405},[402,615,609],{},[357,617,618,619,606],{},"Similarly you can insert vertical stretched space with ",[399,620,621],{},"\\vfill",[392,623,625],{"className":394,"code":624,"language":396,"meta":397,"style":397},"\\maketitle\n\\vfill\n\\tableofcontents\n\\clearpage\n\n\\section{My first section}\n% ...\n",[399,626,627,632,637,642,647,651,656],{"__ignoreMap":397},[402,628,629],{"class":404,"line":405},[402,630,631],{},"\\maketitle\n",[402,633,634],{"class":404,"line":438},[402,635,636],{},"\\vfill\n",[402,638,639],{"class":404,"line":444},[402,640,641],{},"\\tableofcontents\n",[402,643,644],{"class":404,"line":450},[402,645,646],{},"\\clearpage\n",[402,648,649],{"class":404,"line":456},[402,650,478],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":477},[402,652,653],{"class":404,"line":496},[402,654,655],{},"\\section{My first section}\n",[402,657,658],{"class":404,"line":501},[402,659,660],{},"% ...\n",[384,662,664],{"id":663},"manual-spacing","Manual Spacing",[357,666,667],{},"The spaces between words and sentences, between paragraphs, sections, subsections, etc. is determined automatically by LaTeX. It is against LaTeX philosophy to insert spaces manually and will usually lead to bad formatting.",[379,669,671],{"id":670},"hyphenation","Hyphenation",[357,673,674],{},"LaTeX hyphenates words whenever necessary. Hyphenation rules will vary for different languages. LaTeX supports only English by default, so if you want to have correct hyphenation rules for your desired language, see Internationalization.",[357,676,677],{},"If the hyphenation algorithm does not find the correct hyphenation points, you can remedy the situation by using:",[392,679,681],{"className":394,"code":680,"language":396,"meta":397,"style":397},"\\hyphenation{word list}\n",[399,682,683],{"__ignoreMap":397},[402,684,685],{"class":404,"line":405},[402,686,680],{},[357,688,689],{},"causes the words listed in the argument (separated by blanks) to be hyphenated only at the points marked by \"-\".",[392,691,693],{"className":394,"code":692,"language":396,"meta":397,"style":397},"\\hyphenation{FORTRAN Hy-phen-a-tion}\n",[399,694,695],{"__ignoreMap":397},[402,696,697],{"class":404,"line":405},[402,698,692],{},[357,700,701,702,705],{},"The command ",[399,703,704],{},"\\-"," inserts a discretionary hyphen into a word:",[392,707,709],{"className":394,"code":708,"language":396,"meta":397,"style":397},"\\begin{minipage}{2in}\nI think this is: su\\-per\\-cal\\-i\\-frag\\-i\\-lis\\-tic\\-ex\\-pi\\-al\\-i\\-do\\-cious\n\\end{minipage}\n",[399,710,711,716,721],{"__ignoreMap":397},[402,712,713],{"class":404,"line":405},[402,714,715],{},"\\begin{minipage}{2in}\n",[402,717,718],{"class":404,"line":438},[402,719,720],{},"I think this is: su\\-per\\-cal\\-i\\-frag\\-i\\-lis\\-tic\\-ex\\-pi\\-al\\-i\\-do\\-cious\n",[402,722,723],{"class":404,"line":444},[402,724,725],{},"\\end{minipage}\n",[357,727,728],{},"One or more words can be kept together on the one line with:",[392,730,732],{"className":394,"code":731,"language":396,"meta":397,"style":397},"\\mbox{text}\n",[399,733,734],{"__ignoreMap":397},[402,735,736],{"class":404,"line":405},[402,737,731],{},[357,739,740],{},"To avoid hyphenation altogether:",[392,742,744],{"className":394,"code":743,"language":396,"meta":397,"style":397},"\\hyphenpenalty=100000\n",[399,745,746],{"__ignoreMap":397},[402,747,748],{"class":404,"line":405},[402,749,743],{},[379,751,753],{"id":752},"quote-marks","Quote-Marks",[357,755,756,757,760,761,764],{},"LaTeX treats left and right quotes as different entities. For single quotes, a grave accent ",[399,758,759],{},"`"," gives a left quote mark, and an apostrophe ",[399,762,763],{},"'"," gives a right. For double quotes, simply double the symbols:",[392,766,768],{"className":394,"code":767,"language":396,"meta":397,"style":397},"``To ``quote'' in LaTeX''\n",[399,769,770],{"__ignoreMap":397},[402,771,772],{"class":404,"line":405},[402,773,767],{},[357,775,776],{},"The right quote is also used for apostrophe in LaTeX without trouble.",[357,778,779],{},"For left bottom quote and European quoting style you need to use T1 font encoding:",[392,781,783],{"className":394,"code":782,"language":396,"meta":397,"style":397},"\\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}\n",[399,784,785],{"__ignoreMap":397},[402,786,787],{"class":404,"line":405},[402,788,782],{},[357,790,791,792,795],{},"The package ",[399,793,794],{},"csquotes"," offers a multilingual solution to quotations, with integration to citation mechanisms offered by BibTeX.",[379,797,799],{"id":798},"dashes-and-hyphens","Dashes and Hyphens",[357,801,802],{},"LaTeX knows four kinds of dashes:",[804,805,806,822],"table",{},[807,808,809],"thead",{},[810,811,812,816,819],"tr",{},[813,814,815],"th",{},"Input",[813,817,818],{},"Output",[813,820,821],{},"Purpose",[823,824,825,838,850,862],"tbody",{},[810,826,827,833,835],{},[828,829,830],"td",{},[399,831,832],{},"-",[828,834,832],{},[828,836,837],{},"inter-word",[810,839,840,845,847],{},[828,841,842],{},[399,843,844],{},"--",[828,846,844],{},[828,848,849],{},"page range, 1--10",[810,851,852,857,859],{},[828,853,854],{},[399,855,856],{},"---",[828,858,856],{},[828,860,861],{},"punctuation dash—like this",[810,863,864,869,872],{},[828,865,866],{},[399,867,868],{},"$-$",[828,870,871],{},"−",[828,873,874],{},"minus sign",[392,876,878],{"className":394,"code":877,"language":396,"meta":397,"style":397},"Hyphen: daughter-in-law, X-rated\\\\\nEn dash: pages 13--67\\\\\nEm dash: yes---or no? \\\\\nMinus sign: $0$, $1$ and $-1$\n",[399,879,880,885,890,895],{"__ignoreMap":397},[402,881,882],{"class":404,"line":405},[402,883,884],{},"Hyphen: daughter-in-law, X-rated\\\\\n",[402,886,887],{"class":404,"line":438},[402,888,889],{},"En dash: pages 13--67\\\\\n",[402,891,892],{"class":404,"line":444},[402,893,894],{},"Em dash: yes---or no? \\\\\n",[402,896,897],{"class":404,"line":450},[402,898,899],{},"Minus sign: $0$, $1$ and $-1$\n",[357,901,902,903,906,907,910],{},"The commands ",[399,904,905],{},"\\textendash"," and ",[399,908,909],{},"\\textemdash"," are also used to produce en-dash (–), and em-dash (—), respectively.",[379,912,914],{"id":913},"ellipsis","Ellipsis (…)",[357,916,917],{},"A sequence of three dots is known as an ellipsis. You cannot enter 'ellipsis' by just typing three dots, as the spacing would be wrong. Instead, use:",[392,919,921],{"className":394,"code":920,"language":396,"meta":397,"style":397},"Not like this ... but like this:\\\\\nNew York, Tokyo, Budapest, \\ldots\n",[399,922,923,928],{"__ignoreMap":397},[402,924,925],{"class":404,"line":405},[402,926,927],{},"Not like this ... but like this:\\\\\n",[402,929,930],{"class":404,"line":438},[402,931,932],{},"New York, Tokyo, Budapest, \\ldots\n",[357,934,935,936,939],{},"Alternatively, you can use the ",[399,937,938],{},"\\textellipsis"," command which allows the spacing between the dots to vary.",[379,941,943],{"id":942},"ligatures","Ligatures",[357,945,946,947,950],{},"Some letter combinations are typeset not just by setting the different letters one after the other, but by actually using special symbols, called ligatures. Ligatures can be prohibited by inserting ",[399,948,949],{},"{}"," between the two letters:",[392,952,954],{"className":394,"code":953,"language":396,"meta":397,"style":397},"\\Large Not shelfful\\\\\nbut shelf{}ful\n",[399,955,956,961],{"__ignoreMap":397},[402,957,958],{"class":404,"line":405},[402,959,960],{},"\\Large Not shelfful\\\\\n",[402,962,963],{"class":404,"line":438},[402,964,965],{},"but shelf{}ful\n",[379,967,969],{"id":968},"slash-marks","Slash Marks",[357,971,972,973,976,977,979,980,606],{},"When the slash character ",[399,974,975],{},"\u002F"," is immediately preceded and\u002For followed by text without intervening white space, LaTeX does not allow a line break. For longer expressions, replace ",[399,978,975],{}," with ",[399,981,982],{},"\\slash",[392,984,986],{"className":394,"code":985,"language":396,"meta":397,"style":397},"input\\slash output\n",[399,987,988],{"__ignoreMap":397},[402,989,990],{"class":404,"line":405},[402,991,985],{},[357,993,994],{},"To have both a line break and automatic hyphenation:",[392,996,998],{"className":394,"code":997,"language":396,"meta":397,"style":397},"input\\slash\\hspace{0pt}output\n",[399,999,1000],{"__ignoreMap":397},[402,1001,1002],{"class":404,"line":405},[402,1003,997],{},[379,1005,1007],{"id":1006},"text-mode-superscript-and-subscript","Text Mode Superscript and Subscript",[357,1009,1010,1011,906,1014,606],{},"Sub and superscripting can be done using ",[399,1012,1013],{},"\\textsubscript{}",[399,1015,1016],{},"\\textsuperscript{}",[392,1018,1020],{"className":394,"code":1019,"language":396,"meta":397,"style":397},"Wombat\\textsubscript{walzing}\n\nMichelangelo was born on March 6\\textsuperscript{th}, 1475.\n",[399,1021,1022,1027,1031],{"__ignoreMap":397},[402,1023,1024],{"class":404,"line":405},[402,1025,1026],{},"Wombat\\textsubscript{walzing}\n",[402,1028,1029],{"class":404,"line":438},[402,1030,478],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":477},[402,1032,1033],{"class":404,"line":444},[402,1034,1035],{},"Michelangelo was born on March 6\\textsuperscript{th}, 1475.\n",[379,1037,1039],{"id":1038},"text-figures-old-style-numerals","Text Figures (\"Old Style\" Numerals)",[357,1041,1042],{},"Many typographers prefer to use oldstyle figures elsewhere and lining figures when numerals are interspersed with full caps, in tables, and in equations:",[392,1044,1046],{"className":394,"code":1045,"language":396,"meta":397,"style":397},"\\oldstylenums{1234567890}\n",[399,1047,1048],{"__ignoreMap":397},[402,1049,1050],{"class":404,"line":405},[402,1051,1045],{},[357,1053,1054,1055,1058,1059,1062],{},"Some fonts do not have text figures built in; the ",[399,1056,1057],{},"textcomp"," package attempts to remedy this. Put ",[399,1060,1061],{},"\\usepackage{textcomp}"," in your preamble.",[379,1064,1066],{"id":1065},"formatting-macros","Formatting Macros",[357,1068,1069,1070,1073],{},"Even if you can easily change the output of your fonts using those commands, you're better off not using explicit commands like this, because they work in opposition to the basic idea of LaTeX, which is to separate the logical and visual markup of your document. Instead, use ",[399,1071,1072],{},"\\newcommand"," to define a \"logical wrapper command\":",[392,1075,1077],{"className":394,"code":1076,"language":396,"meta":397,"style":397},"\\newcommand{\\oops}[1]{\\textit{#1} }\n\nDo not \\oops{enter} this room,\nit's occupied by \\oops{machines}\nof unknown origin and purpose.\n",[399,1078,1079,1084,1088,1093,1098],{"__ignoreMap":397},[402,1080,1081],{"class":404,"line":405},[402,1082,1083],{},"\\newcommand{\\oops}[1]{\\textit{#1} }\n",[402,1085,1086],{"class":404,"line":438},[402,1087,478],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":477},[402,1089,1090],{"class":404,"line":444},[402,1091,1092],{},"Do not \\oops{enter} this room,\n",[402,1094,1095],{"class":404,"line":450},[402,1096,1097],{},"it's occupied by \\oops{machines}\n",[402,1099,1100],{"class":404,"line":456},[402,1101,1102],{},"of unknown origin and purpose.\n",[1104,1105,1106],"style",{},"html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}",{"title":397,"searchDepth":438,"depth":438,"links":1108},[1109,1116,1117,1118,1119,1120,1121,1122,1123,1124],{"id":381,"depth":438,"text":382,"children":1110},[1111,1112,1113,1114,1115],{"id":386,"depth":444,"text":387},{"id":533,"depth":444,"text":534},{"id":562,"depth":444,"text":563},{"id":598,"depth":444,"text":599},{"id":663,"depth":444,"text":664},{"id":670,"depth":438,"text":671},{"id":752,"depth":438,"text":753},{"id":798,"depth":438,"text":799},{"id":913,"depth":438,"text":914},{"id":942,"depth":438,"text":943},{"id":968,"depth":438,"text":969},{"id":1006,"depth":438,"text":1007},{"id":1038,"depth":438,"text":1039},{"id":1065,"depth":438,"text":1066},"Learn text formatting techniques in LaTeX including spacing, hyphenation, quote marks, diacritics, ligatures, and more.","md",null,{},{"title":56,"description":1125},"XFHzPRfNVnt43U_zFNueR9o191qK-3GXEP8FoK7DcQ8",[1132,1134],{"title":52,"path":53,"stem":54,"description":1133,"children":-1},"Learn how to structure LaTeX documents with classes, environments, sections, and table of contents.",{"title":60,"path":61,"stem":62,"description":1135,"children":-1},"Learn paragraph alignment, indentation, line spacing, manual breaks, and special paragraph environments in LaTeX.",1785155505407]